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It took several years of further experiments and analysis, but During and his colleagues ultimately concluded that the mild stress of all that activity and interaction activated a communication channel that prompts fat cells to stop releasing a hormone called leptin, which accelerates cancer growth.
VOA: standard.2010.07.14
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What I want you to remember is that specific sub-populations of cells get activated, the activation results in a specific response.
我希望你们记住的是,一些特定的细胞亚群受到刺激时,被激活细胞将引起特定的应答
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The other part of the adaptive immune system is the cell mediated immune system and this is an immune where that doesn't involve antibodies but involves cells that are activated in response to a foreign antigen and that utilize cellular means to get rid of it.
获得性免疫系统还包括,细胞免疫,这一免疫反应不包含抗体,但包含可以被激活来应答,并清除外源抗原的免疫细胞
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One of the results of that stimulation is that B-cells - a particular subset of B-cells - gets activated.
这种激活的结果之一就是,B细胞,一类特别的B细胞亚族被激活
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In the same way cells get activated but these are different cells, these are T helper cells that get activated by MHC2.
以相同方法另一些不同的细胞也被激活,它们是被MHC2激活的T附助细胞
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What happens when they're activated is they start to reproduce, they make more and more, and more B-cells.
激活后,免疫细胞开始增殖,B细胞变得越来越多
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Another subset of T-cells called T helper cells will recognize that signal by direct contact with it, and they will become activated and proliferate.
另外一个T细胞的亚群是辅助性T细胞,辅助性T细胞可识别与其接触的抗原信号,并被激活,开始增殖
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One of the enzymes that often gets activated is an enzyme which converts ATP, a small molecule that is inside all of our cells.
在经常被激活的酶中有一种酶,其功能是转化ATP,ATP是一种,存在于所有细胞中的小分子物质
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They come from B-cells, they come from B-cells that are activated with a specific antigen.
抗体来自于B细胞,它们来自于被特别的抗原所激活的B细胞
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They become activated and they produce, eventually, mature cytotoxic T-cells in large numbers.
细胞毒性T细胞活化后,开始增殖,最终,产生大量成熟的细胞毒性T细胞
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When a certain enzyme is activated inside cells, ATP gets converted into a molecule called cyclic AMP, and cyclic AMP is an example of one of these molecules called second messengers.
细胞内的某种酶被激活后,ATP就能转化为一种叫cAMP的分子,cAMP是一种第二信使分子的范例
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