There is a return to these kinds of theoretical defences of absolutism that even preceded the growth of the absolute state as I've described it.

有一点需注意,对于绝对主义的理论辩护,甚至早于绝对主义国家的兴起,之前我已经描述过这个过程

耶鲁公开课 - 欧洲文明课程节选

The modern state in action, the absolute state in action is the army.

现代国家,或者说极权的运作,实际上就是军队的运作

耶鲁公开课 - 欧洲文明课程节选

That is to lose their prerogatives, their rights to an absolute state.

那就是失去他们的特权,在一个绝对统治里所拥有的权力

耶鲁公开课 - 欧洲文明课程节选

So, they make their personal or dynastic rule absolute based on loyalty to them as individuals and not to the state as some sort of abstraction.

所以,君主将个人或者王朝的绝对统治,建立在［民众］对其统治家族的忠诚,而非国家这样的抽象概念上

耶鲁公开课 - 欧洲文明课程节选

Now, out of all of this, again to repeat, we are not making the argument that the Thirty Years' War itself led to absolute rule, that the growth of state structures can be seen in the beginning and the late medieval period with the consolidation of these territorial monarchies.

综上所述,我再重复一遍,我们并不能推断说,三十年战争本身导致了绝对主义的发展,国家的构建在中世纪的早期,以及晚期的领土兼并中就已经初见端倪

耶鲁公开课 - 欧洲文明课程节选