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More powerful particle accelerators atom smashers, they used to call them have allowed physicists to learn ever more about the sub-atomic particles that are the basic building blocks of all matter.
VOA: standard.2010.03.05
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That might seem confusing if you're thinking about particles, but remember we're talking about the wave-like nature of electrons.
如果你们把它想成是一个粒子的话是很矛盾的，但记住我们这里说的,是电子的波动性。
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We are talking about particles of constant acceleration.
我们目前都是在讨论匀加速运动的质点
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He understood the interaction of particles of matter, and that's important to set the stage for the Rutherford experiment in Manchester about 10 years later.
他理解物质粒子之间的相互作用，这点很重要,对于10年后他在曼彻斯特搭设,用于卢瑟福实验的平台来说。
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So I just wanted to address that quickly before we move on, and actually address another thing about dealing with wavelengths of particles that sometimes comes up.
在我们继续之前我要先更正一下，实际上是更正有时我们会碰到的,另一个对待粒子波长的问题。
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most chemical and biological systems aren't that simple precisely because you have to worry about many particles and their statistics and the way they might order or disorder.
大多数化学或者生物系统并不是这么简单,因为你必须担心大量的粒子,和他们的统计特性以及它们有序,和无序的情况。
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Now this is mostly irrelevant to what we're talking about except for the fact that there are magnetic particles involved and they're really small because it turns out what's inside most of your laptops and desktop computers are these things called hard drives.
其实这与我们现在谈论的话题没什么关系,除了这里的磁性粒子有关系外,它们是很小的因为它们要放在,你的笔记本电脑或者,台式机中被称为硬盘的里面。
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Now, I'm not introducing any genetic material at all so I don't have to worry about it replicating because there's no genetic material, all I do is deliver the particles.
这样就根本不用引入任何遗传物质,所以我也不需要担心它会复制,因为根本不存在任何遗传物质了,我所要做的只不过是接种部分微粒
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Now, instead of talking about individual particles, we talk about ensembles of particles.
现在，我们不讨论单个的粒子，我们讨论粒子群。
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In other words, we cannot talk about individual particles.
换句话说，我们不能只研究单独的粒子。
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And the reason for this, and this is a very important point about the photoelectric effect, and the point here is that the electrons here are acting as particles, you can't just add those energies together.
这个现象的原因是，这是光电效应非常重要的一个论点,这个论点就是电子,在这里是粒子行为，你不能仅仅把这些能量加在一起。
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And that's really neat to think about, because photons, of course, are massless particles, they have no mass, so it's neat to think about something that has no mass, but that actually does have a momentum.
而且那真的不容易想明白，因为光子，当然是无质量的粒子，它们没有质量，所以这个真的不容易想明白,一些物体没有质量，但是它们事实上确实有动量。
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PROFESSOR: And this is a question based on where we left off on Wednesday -- we were talking about Coulomb's force law to describe the interaction between two particles and good job, most of you got this correct.
教授：这是我们上次最后,留下的问题-我们讲到,描述粒子间相互作用的,库伦定律，很好,大部分人都做对了。
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You've got to think about what they mean, and that's one of the best things about physics because here's a person who is not looking for anti-particles.
你得去思考它们的意义,这是物理学最美妙的地方,因为有位仁兄本不是去找反粒子的
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So, we would actually need a really, really, really tiny velocity here to actually overcome the size of the mass, if we're talking about macroscopic particles, to have a wavelength that's going to be on the order.
是10的负34次方焦耳每秒,所以如果我们谈论的是要一个，宏观粒子有相应数量级的波长的话，我们需要一个非常非常非常小的速度来。
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And this is the familiar result from ordinary mechanics, where you're not worrying about something like entropy for a whole collection of particles.
在普通力学中，如果不关注大量粒子的熵，诸如此类的物理量的话,这就是我们通常见到的结果。
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And Einstein credited de Broglie, which is a fair statement of lifting a corner of the great veil, because really there was this fundamental misunderstanding about what the difference was between matter and light, and the reality is that they can both be like-particles and they can both show characteristics of waves.
并且爱因斯坦相信德布罗意，他做了一个公正的论述,揭开了一个伟大面纱的一角，因为关于物质和光,以前确实存在着,根本性的误解，真实情况是它们同时,具有粒子和波的特性。
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And what was known about alpha particles at the time is that they were these charged particles and that they were very heavy.
当时对alpha粒子的理解,是它们是带电的而且非常重，有谁知道的,比Rutherford时代的多吗。
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