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What did you learn about how easy or hard it is to keep track of what food intake is?
你从记录食物摄入过程中,学到了什么,记录饮食是难是易
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Some of the eating clubs have really, really good food.
有些饮食俱乐部的食物真的很棒。
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The food guide pyramid was the government's effort, put through by the U.S. Department of Agriculture about what people should eat optimally.
食物金字塔是政府努力的结果,它是由美国农业部提出的,关于人们最佳饮食结构的建议
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And others would saying in addition to the traditional ideas of keeping these Jewish dietary laws involved, we should add an understanding based on the needs of the planet and the suffering of the animals that are potentially involved with our food resources.
另一些人可能会建议，除了,保持传统的,犹太饮食教规，我们应当理解,地球的需求和动物的痛苦,而这些都是与我们的食物来源有关系的。
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Are people eating too much of everything, or are they eating too much of certain things?
人们是饮食总量过剩,还是部分食物摄入过剩
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In order to have a completely balanced diet that's completely plant based, one has to be very careful about having a wide array of foods.
为了形成一个完全以素食为主的,平衡饮食结构,你必须非常注意,广泛摄入各类食物
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The people who write about food history have called these things superfoods, not necessarily because they're super rich in all nutrients, but because they were super available.
那些写饮食史的人,将这些称之为超级食物,不一定是因为它们富含所有营养物质,而是因为它们随处可见
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They use food frequency questionnaires, which I mentioned before, surveys, and then biological markers like blood tests of certain things to see how diet is related to health.
研究员还运用食物频率调查表,我之前曾提到过,各类调查以及生物标志物,像是血液检测等手段,来研究饮食与健康之间的关系
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These then became the objects of trade, of commerce, and of course of human diets and these had nutritional implications for people in different parts of the world.
这些随后成为了交易品和商品,当然,也成为了人们的日常饮食,对于来自世界不同地方的人们,这些食物都是有营养方面的考虑的
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So this diet, although it's processed by a company and sold for people doing animal studies, it more or less mimics what these animals might be eating under natural conditions.
尽管这些食物经过商业加工,并用于动物科学研究,但会尽可能的模拟,实验动物在自然环境下的饮食
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The current pyramid makes the diet look like this.
目前的食物金字塔是这样划分饮食的
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What better mimics modern human conditions than fat, than sugar, and variety?
除了讨论脂肪,糖,和混合食物,怎样才能更好地模拟现代人的饮食情况呢
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If you eat food for a long time and then you stop, let's say a high sugar diet or something and withdrawal symptoms occur, well that might mean addiction is occurring.
如果你长期吃某种食物,一旦停止食用,例如高糖饮食之类,就会出现戒断反应,这也许说明你已经上瘾了
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but in the presence of the modern food environment that provides access to these things, and to foods like a pop tart with fifty-six different things in it, the body gets thrown off.
但在如今的饮食环境中,我们可以随时接触到像是果酱馅饼,这样的集五十六种成分于一身的食物,但却不利于身体健康
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They're the ones who would seek out high fat, high sugar diets because then they would get calories to seek out a variety of food, to eat in--eat above what immediate hunger might dictate.
这些人追求高脂高糖饮食,以获得足够能量,继而寻找更多种食物,饥饿驱使他们吃可以迅速果腹的食品
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She was in Washington spending some time when the first food guide pyramid and dietary guidelines when being developed and she talks about that experience and how much impact the food industry had on this.
她曾在华盛顿待过一段时间,正值食物金字塔的最初版,和饮食指南被提出之时,她谈到了那段时期的一些相关经历,以及食品行业对该研究的影响有多大
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This graph shows some of it as well, but in this case for children, in the left hand side you see the ideal composition of the diet according to government recommendations that the diet should be partitioned in this way.
这个图表也揭示了一些类似的事实,不过是在儿童饮食中的情况,在左边你看到的是理想的饮食组合,按照政府的推荐食谱,食物应该这样搭配
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So you have the low fat diets, you have the low carb diets like Atkins, etc., and so--and even the experts who aren't out there trying to make a fortune on diet books have their own favorite foods and things.
比如低脂肪饮食,和阿特金斯的低碳饮食,即使是想靠出版食谱书赚大钱的专家们,也有自己偏好的食物
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There are other things that would qualify as food, but the not too much of course has to do with over-- intake of certain nutrients, the calories; and then eating mostly plants tends to be a pretty good idea.
辣奇多绝对不能算作食物,至于"适量饮食"则应参考,某些营养素及热量的摄入量,而"植物为主"是一条非常好的建议
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Now we'll go back further than 10,000 years to talk about the history of food, but in those--but at 10,000 years ago several very important changes happened that have shaped to a great extent what our modern relationship with food is.
让我们回到一万多年前,来讨论饮食史,但是,一万年前,发生了一些很重要的变化,这些变化很大程度上塑造了,现代人类与食物的关系
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I mean sometimes if you have things that are a mixture of foods, like you go out for Chinese food or you have a casserole somewhere, or you have some dish of vegetables mixed together, how do you make sense of that when it comes to entering these things into a record.
我是说,有时候有一堆食物在你面前,如出去吃中餐,或你面前有一份大杂烩,又或者是很多蔬菜混合在一块,在输入饮食记录的时候,怎样才能让你输入的东西有意义呢
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So but the diary is a way to get more sophisticated information on individuals for dietary counseling purposes and the like, but it's pretty labor intensive and then it requires either a computer to analyze the diet or some human being who is trained in this to sit down and make sense of the data.
日记这个办法,可获得更加精确的个体信息,用以进行饮食咨询等,但这更像是劳动密集型工作,然后还需要一台电脑,来分析食物数据,有些人学的就是,坐在电脑前弄明白这些数据
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Now the first the eat food: well he has a long discussion, and as you'll know from the book, about what is food?
他做了大篇幅关于饮食的讨论,你可以从书中了解到,什么是食物
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So it's very easy for people to exceed dietary recommendations given what the modern food supply is.
在现代食物供给下,人们很容易就超过了建议饮食标准
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Well, the only way you know is to do studies-- and we'll talk about how these are done in the next class-- linking dietary behavior, food intake with health.
了解这些的唯一方法是做研究,而在下一节课,我们会谈论具体过程,联系饮食习惯,食物摄入与健康
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And so what people should eat, and what people think they are eating, and what they actually eat is really much different, and that leads to all kinds of problems.
所以人类的健康饮食摄入量,和他们自认为食物摄入量,和人类实际摄入量有巨大差别,这导致了各种问题
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Now when I asked you to start keeping the dietary records, I asked you not necessarily to change your food intake because we wanted you to have an accurate record of what you typically ate.
当我让你自己保留饮食记录,我告诉你没有必要改自己的食物摄入记录,因为我们想获得准确数据,关于你一般吃什么
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Some people can fight the brain off in this case, and control their food intake, maintain a healthy diet, and maintain a normal weight, but the number of such people in the population is shrinking by the day.
有些人可以抵制大脑的控制,控制食物的摄入量,维持健康饮食 保持正常体重,而今,这类人的数量日益减少
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We'll talk about whether food can promote health; of course it can if done right, and we'll talk about the specific properties of food that promote good health and what can be done to increase the opportunity of food to improve the public's health in a national and international way.
我们将讨论食物是否能促进健康,当然,适当的饮食能促进健康,我们还将讨论健康食品的特殊性质,以及我们如何,通过食物来提高,全国乃至全世界公众的健康水平
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