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When you look at a food label like this, first it shows you the number of servings on containers.
这是一个食品标签的样例,首先可以了解到整个包装内所含食物份数
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If we think about what is food and what isn't food, we have to ask what are the definitions.
当我们判别何为食品时,我们得知道食物如何定义
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Food supplies - food from cloned animals.
食品供应,来自克隆动物的食物
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Even if they're given healthy food at the same time, they'll tend to ignore the healthy food and eat a diet like this.
即使同时给它们喂食健康食品,它们也会选择前者的食物,而不吃健康食品
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But it's also important to understand what's in foods and that's why food labels are so important.
另外,了解食物里面有些什么也很重要,因此食品标签很有用
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Those foods that you see there, that throw off the animals homeostasis, and their hunger equilibrium are the same foods that are marketed very heavily.
你们看到的这些食物,打破了这些动物的内稳态和饥饿平衡,这些食品占据了大量市场份额
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They tend to stay stable during deep frying and then the palatability goes up and the foods taste better, at least according to the food industry.
它们还能在油炸中保持稳定,这使得食物口味更佳,吃起来更加美味,至少食品业是这样认为的
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Portion sizes, and we'll devote a class to this later on, have gone way up and that's a big problem, the amount of processing I mentioned.
食物份量直线上升,这是个问题,我们将专门用一堂课讲这个,即刚才提到的食品加工程度的问题
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Now you might be able to resist them and not eat them in abundance but they're still there and the brain likes those sorts of things.
现在,你可能会抵制这类食物,不会吃太多,但是依然会吃,而且大脑喜欢这类食品
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And as we'll talk about when we get into the politics of foods, what is recommended for you to eat is very heavily influenced by the industry.
就像我们会讲到的食物政治学说的那样,推荐给你的食物,很大程度上是受食品工业影响的
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A nutrient is considered a substance within the food, that's when it digests it, absorbs, promotes some bodily function, so that it has some metabolic health value when people consume it.
营养素是包含在食物中的物质,由人体消化,吸收,推动身体机能,食品必须具有值得人类去代谢的健康价值
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So if a food belongs to a class of foods that a class of items that contributes to that internal metabolic havoc, would that be reason to consider it a non-food?
如果某种食物,可以引起机体内代谢紊乱,将它们认定为非食品是否合理呢
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You may know from reading food labels that these ingredients in any food label are listed in order of how much there is in the food itself, so sugar comes right after peanuts.
看看食品标签你就会知道,食物配料都列在食品标签上,以它在食品中的含量多少的顺序排列,所以糖的含量仅次于花生
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Not everybody had to be involved in creating food, and so that gave people more time to trade, to develop other products, to be involved in non-food pursuits and many, many more things.
不需要所有人都忙于制造食物,因此人们有空进行贸易,开发其它产品,以追求其他更多,而不单单是食品
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Let's just put together some criteria for what-- if you had to say what defines a food, what makes something a food, what would you say?
我们来总结一些,用来定义食物的判断标准,什么决定了某种东西是否是食品,你们认为是什么
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and we'll talk about where food comes from because people have become very interested and they're becoming ever more interested in the story of their food.
我们将谈到食物的来源,因为人们对食品的追溯,越来越感兴趣
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And it means the people in Los Angeles who were eating their food, a lot of it shipped in from far away have a distant relationship with it.
这意味着曾自给自足的洛杉矶人,所吃的食物要从远处运来,所以人与食品间的关系被拉远了
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It gives foods a longer shelf life, and so things like pastries and individual wrapped packages have a very long shelf life, longer than if they don't have Trans fats.
它增长了食物的保质期,让糕点和独立包装的食品等能存放很久,比不含反式脂肪的食品存放时间长
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They're the ones who would seek out high fat, high sugar diets because then they would get calories to seek out a variety of food, to eat in--eat above what immediate hunger might dictate.
这些人追求高脂高糖饮食,以获得足够能量,继而寻找更多种食物,饥饿驱使他们吃可以迅速果腹的食品
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Because if you were unfettered by all those environmental things that make people eat different kinds of foods, most of you would probably like the high fat, high sugar foods better; most of you probably still do.
因为如果你可以不受这些环境因素影响,摆脱让人们吃各种不同的食物的外因,大部分人都会更喜欢高脂食品,或者高糖食品,你们中的大部分人可能依然如此
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She was in Washington spending some time when the first food guide pyramid and dietary guidelines when being developed and she talks about that experience and how much impact the food industry had on this.
她曾在华盛顿待过一段时间,正值食物金字塔的最初版,和饮食指南被提出之时,她谈到了那段时期的一些相关经历,以及食品行业对该研究的影响有多大
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In any event, the saturated fats that are in these kinds of foods tend to be in the things that you associate with fatty foods like high fat meat, whole milk, etc., have a bad impact.
不论如何,这些食物中的饱和脂肪,正是你们通常称为高脂食品,如肥肉,全脂牛奶等,都是有害的
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So could you use taxes and subsidies, for example, to raise the price of foods that you think people should be eating less of, and lower the price of things you would like people eating more of?
你能通过税收和补助金的方式来解决吗,例如,抬高那些你觉得大家应该少吃,的食品的价格,降低那些你认为我们,应该多吃的食物的价格
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And then you can look at food disappearance data and that's sort of a connection with the food production data: not so much how much is produced but how much of it is disappearing from the--the food supply.
然后看看食物消耗的记录,会与食物生产的数据,有某种联系,与其看在食品供应中生产了多少,倒不如关注被消费了多少
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These foods are heavily marketed, they tend to be sold in schools, there tend to be mini markets right outside the schools so people can get them on the way to and from schools at many places, and this is the food environment.
这些食品非常热销,一般在学校附近有售,学校外面一般都有小型超市,这样人们就可以在上学放学路上买到它们,这就是所谓的食物环境
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So from that point of view it's probably good, but from the point of view of wanting to eat more foods that you prepare yourself and not eat process, and package, and things like that it may not be so good.
就这一点看来还是很不错的,而对于想多吃一些自己做的食物,而不吃加工好的精包装食品那类食物的人,评估就没这么容易了
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That is, how many hamburgers do we think are being eaten and that's the food disappearing; how much of the foods are being consumed in processed products and the like, so that's a pretty gross estimate as well.
比如说,多少个汉堡包被吃了,那就是食物消费,有多少食品被,以加工好的成品等形式消费,所以其中估计的成分也很多
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We can think about this in an evolutionary way, as I've alluded to a lot, but if you think about it from a completely Darwinian point of view, and you think about these food conditions where food would be scarce in ancient times.
我们可以从生物演化的角度来看这个问题,我已经提到过很多了,但是如果你完全从达尔文学说的角度思考,从食品条件想想,在古代,哪里可能出现食物短缺
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Now the fact is that the Trans fats can get switched out of foods in a pretty easy way by the industry, because now they're doing it pretty routinely like all the restaurants in New York are having to do it, for an example.
实际上剔除食物中的反式脂肪,对食品业而言易如反掌,因为他们如今和纽约的所有餐厅一样,都对此习以为常
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We'll talk about whether food can promote health; of course it can if done right, and we'll talk about the specific properties of food that promote good health and what can be done to increase the opportunity of food to improve the public's health in a national and international way.
我们将讨论食物是否能促进健康,当然,适当的饮食能促进健康,我们还将讨论健康食品的特殊性质,以及我们如何,通过食物来提高,全国乃至全世界公众的健康水平
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