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This is an interesting question: do they solve the moral hazard and adverse selection problem as well as banks do?
一个有意思的问题出现了,他们可以向银行那样,处理好道德风险以及逆向选择问题吗
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You reduce a lot of the health risks, if you exercise often.
如果你经常运动的话，它会帮你降低许多健康问题的风险。
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The problem with long-term risks, also, is that anything that we do to mitigate these risks creates moral hazard.
关乎长期风险的问题，我们要采取一切手段,减轻这些风险,带来的道德风险。
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Now, in the posing the question that way, I've been assuming that these are things you'd do despite the fact that they run the risk of death.
现在，以这种方式提出了这个问题，我已经假设了存在尽管带有死亡的风险,但你仍会去做的事情。
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That constellation of risk factors that gets packed together tells you more in some cases about a person's risk for disease than if all you knew was their weight.
上述提到的一系列的风险因素,能告诉我们更多有关个人的患病风险,这比仅仅知道体重更能说明问题
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The idea is that people don't see this basic risk management problem and they see things in entirely different terms.
该思想的关键在与人们并没有看到,其中本质的基本风险管理问题,而是站在完全不同的角度去看问题。
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The problem is that while the principle of risk-sharing is very simple and obvious the practice requires technology.
问题在于,尽管风险分摊原则,听起来浅显易懂,但是实践仍然需要技术支持。
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It does create moral hazard problems-- that's a problem with it, but that's something that we're learning about.
这会引发道德风险问题-,这是弊端所在，但这也正是我们要学习研究的。
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I want to mention a couple other philosophers who talk about risk management.
我想再提几位学者,他们也探讨过风险管理的问题。
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It's really about risk.
实际上这是关于风险的问题。
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.. He said that we should think of-- When we think about distributional justice we can think of it as a risk management problem.
他说我们应该考虑这种做法-,在思考分配的公平问题时,可以把它看作一个风险管理的问题。
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That's moral hazard; but it's not unique to that, it's all over the place.
这就是道德风险;,并不仅仅是这一项，随处可见这个问题。
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These are efforts to solve the moral hazard problem and to manage risks.
这些都是为了解决道德风险问题,和进行风险管理。
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They have to contend with something called moral hazard, which is the risk that people will be affected by the fact that they're insured and do something bad.
保险公司必须应对道德风险的问题,也就是说,有些人可能会因为购买了保险,而动了歪念来骗取保费
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He was dealing also with the moral hazard and adverse selection problem.
他当时也视图解决道德风险,以及逆向选择的问题
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There was a conditional agreement: yes, Norway should manage this oil risk but it's politically difficult and that's the problem-- is that we're not able to do our optimal management.
他们在一定程度上同意我的观点：,是的，挪威应该设法解决石油的风险,但这在政治上很困难,其问题在于-,挪威无法做到最优的管理。
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The other thing is moral hazard -this is that companies, once they borrow money from anybody, a bank or anyone else, they have an obligation, which is fixed in dollar terms.
另一个问题是道德风险,意思是说,一旦公司借了钱,无论是从银行还是其他渠道,他们就背负了一种义务,金钱的义务
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There's also a problem with risk-sharing at that level.
还有另一个风险分摊程度的问题。
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I wanted to mention in this context, because I'm emphasizing how banks help solve the adverse selection and moral hazard problem -I wanted to mention briefly here also the rating agencies, which fulfill some of these functions.
我早就想在这段内容里讲讲这事了,因为我一直强调,银行是如何帮助解决逆向选择,以及道德风险问题的...,我还一直想在这里简要的提下,本应履行这些职能的那些信用评级机构
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Non-obvious ideas were conceived of to solve these problems of long-term risks and to get around the psychological barriers imposed by framing biases and psychological biases, in order to allow people to actually manage the risk and to get around moral hazard.
解决方法需要被研究并发掘,来处理长期风险问题,避开由于框架效应,引起的心理障碍，能够使人们真正控制风险,规避道德风险。
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They think, it doesn't matter what I do, I'm going to get the same consumption as everybody else, so I'll just get lazy-- a very fundamental problem, which you probably are already aware of.
因为他们知道，无论做了什么，都会享受与其他人相同的消费水平，所以偷懒就行了-,想必你们都已经意识到了，道德风险在这里是极其重要的问题。
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