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I stressed in the third lecture that like any--insurance, like any other risk management device, is an invention.
在第三次课上我已经强调过了,保险和其它风险管理工具一样,是一种发明
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You have to exclude those causes that generate moral hazard problems for the insurance to work; otherwise, the whole system will fail.
你得将一些,有可能会产生道德风险的情况,排除在外;,否则，整个保险系统就失效了。
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They're essentially more risky and more-- regulators have to watch them more because they're standing at higher probability- a monoline--of some major disaster.
单线保险公司风险更大,监管机构对其监管更严,因为他们遇到危机的,可能性更大
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There's still substantial insurance risk because the-- it could easily be only 15% or it could be 25% of the policies that end up paying.
这其中仍然存在一定的保险风险...,最后可能只有15%需要赔付,或者25%需要赔付
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Insurance pools risks like life risks or fire risks by writing policies to individual policyholders.
保险业分散风险是通过,与个人签订保险合同,比如寿险合同,或者火险合同
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London insurance companies would because the whole concept of insurance is pooling of independent probabilities.
伦敦的保险公司之所以开展火险,是因为整个保险理念,就是将独立事件发生的风险汇聚起来
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Insurance relies on this theory of risk pooling but it has to make it work.
保险是基于风险汇聚理论的,并运用其有效降低风险
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Anyway, I want then to move on to the topic of today's lecture, Insurance is the other side of the risk management institutions that we have.
下面开始今天这节课的主题,保险是我们现有的另一种,风险管理制度
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So, the insurance company with one hundred policies would have still substantial risk.
所以签了100份保单的保险公司,仍然面临一定的风险
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The principles of insurance-- the fundamental powerhouse--is the principle of risk pooling.
保险的原理,其基本的动力...是风险汇聚原理
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It specifies what risks are covered, exclusions--some risks are not covered.
它必须约定被保险的风险有哪些,以及除外责任,即不被保险的风险有哪些
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If the insurance company has risk, it's because they've made a mistake.
如果说保险公司有风险的话，那是因为他们犯了一个错误。
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They have to contend with something called moral hazard, which is the risk that people will be affected by the fact that they're insured and do something bad.
保险公司必须应对道德风险的问题,也就是说,有些人可能会因为购买了保险,而动了歪念来骗取保费
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Insurers, just like mutual funds, are providing risk pooling for you.
保险公司和共同基金一样,为客户提供风险汇聚服务
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It might include risks, as well, of personal liability if someone injures themselves on your property or risks of storms, of hurricanes, earthquakes, everything else; so we call it homeowners' insurance.
其中可能包括他人,在你家里受伤而引起的个人责任风险,或者住宅遭遇暴风雨,飓风,地震,或其他灾害的风险,所以我们称其为住宅保险
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When you do these calculations, which I just did for insurance-- I was talking about insurance companies-- assuming that risks are independent, everything's independent and we've got it all figured out.
当你试图去,做保险相关计算时,我指的是保险公司...,假定风险是独立的,事件都是独立的,可以算出一个结果
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In Renaissance Italy they started writing insurance policies-- I read one of the insurance policies, it's in the Journal of Risk and Insurance-- and they translate a Renaissance insurance policy and it's very hard to understand what this policy was saying.
在文艺复兴时期的意大利,人们开始编写保单,我看过其中一份,刊登在《风险和保险杂志》上,他们翻译了一份文艺复兴时期的保单,但是很难理解那份保单到底想说什么
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