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These are organizations that act like banks but are not called banks because they are not technically banks, so they escape regulation.
这些组织像银行一样运作,但它们不叫银行,因为从技术来讲,它们并不是银行,这使他们得以逃避监管
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There was a severe crisis and so that again highlights the importance of having good bank regulation.
但这确实是一场严重的危机,也再一次强调了良好银行监管体系的重要性
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It was an international convention that gave, what they called, risk-based capital requirements and recommended risk-based capital requirements to bank regulators around the world.
巴塞尔协议是一个国际公约,它制定了,风险资本要求,并且向各国的银行监管者,推荐风险资本要求
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They're operating like banks, but they're not regulated as banks, so Basel II doesn't apply to them and they can do what they want.
它们像银行一样运作,但并不纳入银行监管,所以它们不在新巴塞尔协议监管范围之内,它们可以为所欲为
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It's also about bank regulation, such as the Basel Accord, Basel I and Basel II.
还会讲到银行监管,比如巴塞尔协议和新巴塞尔协议
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It was again --something was amiss -that you had the government deregulating and not watching.
同样是因为银行系统出了差错,政府解除监管,放任自由
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What was happening was, these banks were not being watched carefully enough; their capital requirements were not enough for the kind of assets they were investing.
当初是因为,对这些银行监管不力,它们的资本水平没有达到,投资这类资产的要求
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Banks, as I say, are with us to stay; we just have to improve our regulation and disclosure requirements so that banks can be prevented from taking unnecessary risks.
如我所说,银行与我们同在,我们只需要完善对监管,和信息披露需求,这样银行就可以避免追求不必要的风险
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What we've seen is a testing of the system -that we have regulatory requirements, that banks have enough capital -but this regulation is challenging because it's being stressed right now.
我们列举的这些案例都是对银行体系的考验,我们需要加强监管,以确保银行有充足的资本,但监管确实是一项艰巨的任务,因为现在面对的压力更大了
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This has happened so many times in history that governments around the world now regulate banks and tell them that they have to hold a minimum amount of reserves and have a minimum amount of capital.
这在历史上已经发生多次了,如今,各国政府都在进行银行监管,并且告诉他们,他们必须留存最小金额的准备金,以及最小金额的资本金
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So, it really is -it really ought to be on the bank's balance sheet and it ought to be regulated by the bank regulators, but there was a failure to do that and that is the problem that we are in currently.
所以说,它确实该...,它应该反映在银行的资产负债表上,同时接受银行监管体系的管理,但这却没能实现,这就是我们目前面临的问题
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In other words, the banks were like customers of the Bank of England; they had to keep deposits there and the Bank of England watched them to make sure that they were behaving responsibly and had authority over them because it had market power.
换句话说，其他银行在英国就像是英国银行的客户;,其他银行不得不把钱存放在英国银行那,英国银行业负责监管着,其他银行的商业行为,也指挥着其他银行,因为英国银行有着控制市场的力量。
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It's a very important industry and it's also one in which many of our students have found jobs, so I think it's important for us to try to understand the history of investment banks, the role they have in our financial community, and how they're regulated.
投资银行是一个非常重要的行业,我们许多学生都在投资银行工作,我们需要,了解投资银行的历史,在我们金融业扮演的角色,以及人们如何监管投资银行
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