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the Bank of England would say you've got to keep a deposit with us " otherwise we'll destroy you.
英格兰银行将会对你说,“你得在我们银行付保证金,不然我们将毁灭你。
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What the PDCF is it's really an extension of the discount window beyond member banks.
一级交易商信贷工具是,对会员银行贴现窗口的一种扩展。
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I would argue that it was pluperfect obviously disabled the banks and the major investment banks.
我认为很明显对银行和主要投资银行,产生了阻碍作用。
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Yes, the crisis started here in the United States, though it wasn't a crisis whose origins or entirely limited to US banks, but it's all over it. -right.
对，这场危机是在美国开始的，尽管危机的源头,或者说危机并不仅限于美国银行，但是和我们国家有很大关系，-对。
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It turns out that 38% of this bank was owned by the German Government, so it was kind of their problem, right?
最终由德国政府,收购了这家银行38%的股份,所以说这是政府的问题,对吗
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In fact, that is essential to banking and it's kind of part of the -you might almost call it the definition of a bank.
事实上,这对银行业务是至关重要的,并且这是部分的...,几乎可以说这就是银行的定义
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Again, there was a loss of confidence in the time of an economic crisis and people wanted to withdraw their money from the banks.
此外,在经济危机时期,投资者对银行失去信心,他们希望把钱从银行取出来
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That's why we need independence of the central bank; we want to have a central banker that can say no to the government.
这就是为什么我们需要独立自主的,中央银行；,我们希望有一个可以对政府说不得,中央银行家。
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People were very upset that they had left their money in the bank and the government was just saying, you can't have it.
人们对留在银行账户里的资金忧心忡忡,而政府只是说,你们不可以取款
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The Bank of Japan was established in imitation of the Bank of England in 1882.
日本银行是1882年成立的,是对英格兰银行的效仿。
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The discount rate is the rate that the Fed charges for loans to member banks.
贴现率是,美联储对会员银行贷款的所求比率。
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Now, if that happens these homes are the collateral to the banks for all these mortgages and we're going to have -and probably do have already--a recession.
如果那种情况发生了的话,这些房子是银行对房屋抵押贷款的唯一担保品,那我们将会面临,-很可能现在正在面临着--经济衰退。
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What was happening was, these banks were not being watched carefully enough; their capital requirements were not enough for the kind of assets they were investing.
当初是因为,对这些银行监管不力,它们的资本水平没有达到,投资这类资产的要求
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All the banks complied and kept deposits with the Bank of England.
所有的银行都遵从,并且对英格兰银行付了保证金。
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Banks, as I say, are with us to stay; we just have to improve our regulation and disclosure requirements so that banks can be prevented from taking unnecessary risks.
如我所说,银行与我们同在,我们只需要完善对监管,和信息披露需求,这样银行就可以避免追求不必要的风险
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What we've seen is a testing of the system -that we have regulatory requirements, that banks have enough capital -but this regulation is challenging because it's being stressed right now.
我们列举的这些案例都是对银行体系的考验,我们需要加强监管,以确保银行有充足的资本,但监管确实是一项艰巨的任务,因为现在面对的压力更大了
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Banks still are vulnerable to bank runs because they still have deposits so the system is still vulnerable and therefore the Federal Reserve has a set of reserve requirements.
银行仍然对银行挤兑敏感,因为它们仍然有存款,所以这个系统还是比较脆弱的，因此,联邦储备金有一系列的法定准备金率。
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You can't stick your bad paper to the banker who knows everybody in the town; he'll figure it out and that's the -and so that's the problem that's solved by bankers.
你休想把垃圾债权随便卖给银行家,因为他对这个圈子了如指掌,他定会识破的,因此银行家们就解决了逆向选择问题
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What the Fed said it would do is announce an auction of so many billion dollars of loans to member banks and the banks have to supply collateral to the Federal Reserve.
美联储声明的它会做的事是,举行一场对,会员银行发放几十亿美元贷款的拍卖会,条件是这些银行必须,给联邦储备银行提供抵押品。
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I went to the Ministry of Finance and we went to the Norges Bank, which is their central bank, and I think the answer I got from them was, yes you're right.
我去了财政部,我们也去了挪威银行，那是挪威的中央银行，而我觉得他们给我的回复是，你是对的。
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It used to be that the government didn't let banks pay more than a certain amount on their deposits and that helped protect banks because then they didn't have to compete to pay high interest rates -then be incentivized to make risky loans to try to make money with those high interest rates.
在这之前,政府不允许银行对存款,支付超过一定数量的利息,那样做是为了保护银行,因此他们不必争相,去支付高额利率...,因为在高利率支付下银行会倾向于,发放高危贷款以获取利润
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But the FSLIC wasn't; it was sleeping at the switch, so it allowed banks in the United States -it was primarily Savings and Loans who did this -to make bad loans and they were playing this moral hazard game.
但是FSLIC没有如此,制度变换初期他们对一切放任不管,于是这让美国的银行...,主要指的是那些储蓄贷款机构...,发放不良贷款,他们开始参与这项充满道德风险的游戏
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