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The great American railroads were built by and large, for decades, by government subsidies, and a tremendous amount of corruption.
这几十年间,美国伟大铁路建起来了,这当然是是通过政府的支助,以及伴随着数不清的行贿受贿
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And,so,the departments,along with the railroads and along with better roads also,and the banking network, increases the centralization of the French State.
各省由铁路相连,当然也有公路和银行系统,以加强法国的中央集权
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No continent, you could argue, had ever been quite made readymade if you want--for railroads quite like North America.
没有哪个大陆,你可以为此争辩,像北美这样,及其适合铁路的发展
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They started having mail cars on trains and they started having postal sorting on the train.
人们开始用铁路邮政车,并且在火车上分类整理。
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But if you think of Spain, if you are hitchhiking through Spain or something like that, or through the south of France, or Eurail passes, and if you go to a town like Avila in Spain.
如果你考虑驾车去西班牙旅行什么的,或者是穿过法国南部,又或者一张铁路通票游遍欧洲,如果你去西班牙阿维拉那样的地方
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Companies did produce agreements to restrict, for example, the production of paper and the production of rubber, and the production of steel, and the production of iron, and the production of railway lines, actually, even quite complicated things.
公司之间的签署了限制产量的协议,比如说有造纸业,橡胶制造业,炼钢业,冶铁业,铁路运输行业,当然还有更复杂的行业
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They were the same size in the 1850s, but Brive gets the railroad and not Tulle, the railroad from Paris.
它们在十九世纪五十年代还是一样大的,但是布瑞福修了铁路,而不是图勒,通往巴黎的铁路
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I'm not saying he was right, and the damn fool should've got down and got real with the railroads, but he didn't.
我并不是说他就是正确的,就连笨蛋白痴,都已接受铁路的存在,但他却不能
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And,so,the patronage of the Empire is that he can provide railroads, he can provide money for things, and that further centralizes the state.
帝国的资助者可以提供铁路,也可以为一些事情提供钱,这些东西更加集中于国家
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850s Chicago, which was already by the 1850s the railroad capital of North America?
五十年代的芝加哥,它在50年代已经成为了北美铁路网中心
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It's the time in which but it's the time in which long distance commerce began to take hold, because of transportation revolutions: canals, roads, railroads in particular.
它是一个时期,这是一个远距离商业开始产生影响的时代,主要原因便是运输方式的革新,运河,公路,特别是铁路
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Now,but the railroads,if you look at the map of the railroads in France, at any time you want including now, all roads lead--all tracks lead to Paris.
无论何时,如果你观察巴黎的铁路线,就会发现,每条路都通往巴黎
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In 1860 slaves as an asset were worth more than all of America's manufacturing, all of the railroads, all of the productive capacity of the United States put together.
860年,奴隶作为财产的产值超过了,美国所有的制造业,所有的铁路,和所有产业的产值总和
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Railroads is a good example--and sometimes I'll throw out examples, you're not responsible for them, it's just kind of hopefully interesting for you to think about.
铁路就是很好的例子,有时我会举一些例子,你们可以不去记他们,我这么做是希望你们可以去思考
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They were more like railroads or steel companies and it was just understood.
更多是铁路或者钢铁公司,人们也只知其皮毛
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But railroads revolutionized an American sense of time, their ability to travel.
但是铁路改变了美国人的时间观念,他们有能力去旅行
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Fortunes will begin to be made in the textile industry and in the railroad industry by the '40s and '50s, and in a host of other ways, real fortunes.
在40 50年代的时候,纺织业和铁路工业将会制造大量的财富,另一些方面,真正的机遇
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An obvious reason how trains reinforce the predominance of Paris.
铁路线如何加强巴黎主导地位的,一个显著原因便是
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And,so,that centralization is--also there are mountains there, it's easier to build in Brive.
所以说中央集权是…当然,图勒有山,在布瑞福修铁路会更加容易
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And then, of course, railroads, which reshaped North America.
当然最后,是铁路重新铸造了北美
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The railroad had a lot to do, too, of course, with linking northeast with northwest, which has a lot to do with a certain sense of economic isolation that set in in the South, to some extent.
铁路也连接了,美国东北和西北地区,在一定程度上,它和当时南方,某种意义上的经济孤立脱不了干系
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