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And Pauli says no two electrons in a given system can have the entire set of quantum numbers identical.
而泡利认为在一个给定的系统内,没有两个电子有完全相同的量子数。
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No one, until this time, had suggested that a system would be subjected to quantization except for light.
在他之前，还没有人提出过,除光系统外的量子化系统。
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So by parallel we mean - they're either both spin up remember that's our spin quantum number, that fourth quantum number.
所以我们意味着,它们都是自旋向上,记住我们的自旋量子数，是第四个量子数。
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We use the adjective "Newtonian" but we don't speak of certain writers who are still interested in quantum mechanics as "Newtonian writers."
虽然我们用牛顿主义者这个词“,但是我们不会把那些,对量子力学有兴趣的人称作牛顿主义作家“
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But the answer is, according to the standard interpretation of quantum mechanics, that's not how it works.
但答案是,根据量子力学的标准解释,这并非如此
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In fact the number of photons headed to your your eyes from those 2 tiles is exactly the same, physically that is the same.
实际上这两张瓷片,投射进你眼睛的光量子是一样的，从物理学的角度上说是完全相同的。
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He has two electrons here with the same set of quantum numbers. B but these are two separate hydrogen atoms.
因为我写了两个量子数,一样的电子,但这是在两个不同原子中啊。
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what three quantum numbers tell us, versus what the fourth quantum number can fill in for us in terms of information.
三个量子数和,四个量子数告诉我们的信息。
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But it shows you that with a little bit of understanding of quantization you can go a long way.
但它看起来,有一些量子化的含义,你可以研究研究。
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And when you solved the relativistic form of the Schrodinger equation, what you end up with is that you can have two possible values for the magnetic spin quantum number.
当你们解相对论形式的,薛定谔方程，你们最后会得到两个,可能的自旋磁量子数的值。
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The way he described is when you try to get down a quantum dimensions and you are standing there with your camera, just remember the sun is at your back and your shadow is always in the picture.
这种方法被他描述为,当你试着处理一个量子尺寸时,并且你试着拿着你的相机在那，记住太阳在你的背后,而你的影子总是在照片上。
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Bohr expressed the quantum condition by the angular momentum, quantum condition in the following manner.
波尔阐明了他的量子理条件,通过角动量，和以下的量子条件进行量子化。
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So we can have, if we have the final quantum number m equal plus 1 or minus 1, we're dealing with a p x or a p y orbital.
所以如果我们有,磁量子数ｍ等于正负１,我们讨论的就是ｐｘ或者ｐｙ轨道。
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And I just want to point out that now we have these three quantum numbers.
我想指出的是,现在我们有了，这3个量子数。
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That's a deterministic way of doing things, that's what you get from classical mechanics.
与核子的半径,是从经典力学中得到的，但我们从量子力学模型，知道的事实是。
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We remember that Lewis structures are an idea that are pre-quantum mechanics.
我们记得路易斯结构是一个,早于量子力学的概念。
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The fundamental laws of physics, according to the standard interpretation of quantum mechanics, are probabilistic.
物理学的基本法则,根据量子力学的标准解释来说,这都是概率决定的
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And we also, when we solved or we looked at the solution to that Schrodinger equation, what we saw was that we actually needed three different quantum numbers to fully describe the wave function of a hydrogen atom or to fully describe an orbital.
此外，当我们解波函数,或者考虑薛定谔方程的结果时，我们看到的确３个不同的量子数,完全刻画了氢原子,的波函数或者说轨道。
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But now, it has come to light that they are the ones that do get credit for first really coming up with this idea of a spin quantum number, and it's interesting to think about how the politics work in different discoveries, as well as the discoveries themselves.
但现在我们,知道他们是,最先想出自旋量子数,这个概念的人，看各种发现中的,政治学是十分有趣的，和发现本身一样有趣。
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This is the proportionality that is multiplied by the quantum.
这就是与量子的,比例系数。
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So we can completely describe an orbital with just using three quantum numbers, but we have this fourth quantum number that describes something about the electron that's required for now a complete description of the electron, and that's the idea of spin.
所以我们可以用３个,量子数完全刻画轨道，但我们有这第四个量子数,来完整的,描述电子，这就是自旋的概念。
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And I'm no scientist and I'm no specialist in sort of empirical matters, and believe me, I'm no authority on quantum mechanics, our best theory of fundamental physics.
我不是科学家,也不是实证方面的专家,相信我,关于量子力学,我并没有发言权,那可是基础物理中最经典的理论
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And even though he could figure out that this wasn't possible, he still used this as a starting point, and what he did know was that these energy levels that were within hydrogen atom were quantized.
这是不可能的了,但他还是以此为出发点，他知道，氢原子的这些能级,是量子化的,而且他也知道，我们上节课所看到现象。
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But the reality that we know from our quantum mechanical model, is that we can't know exactly what the radius is, all we can say is what the probability is of the radius being at certain different points.
我们不可能准确的知道,半径是多少，我们只能说，它在不同半径处，的概率是多少，这是,量子力学。
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The reason there are three quantum numbers is we're describing an orbital in three dimensions, so it makes sense that we would need to describe in terms of three different quantum numbers.
我们需要，3个量子数的原因,是因为我们描述的是一个，三维的轨道，所以我们需要，3个不同的量子数,来描述它。
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So, there's two kind of cartoons shown here that give you a little bit of an idea of what this quantum number tells us.
这里展示的两个图片,可以让你们对,这个量子数有些概念。
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So you'll notice in your problem-set, sometimes you're asked for a number of orbitals with a set of quantum numbers, sometimes you're asked for a number of electrons for a set of quantum numbers.
希望你们在做习题的时候注意到，有时候问的是拥有,一套量子数的轨道数，有时候问的是拥有一套,量子数的电子数。
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- The same place is that energy is a function of these four quantum numbers.
它就是这个结论,能量是这四个量子数的机能显示。
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I think this is taken about two years after they discovered the fourth quantum number.
这张照片拍摄于他们发现,第四个量子数的两年后。
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How many different orbitals can you have that have those two quantum numbers in them?
有多少个轨道是,含有这两个量子数的？
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