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They often involve networks of reactions, not just one enzyme but a series of enzymes that serve to amplify each other.
这些反应通常包括一个反应网络,不只是一种酶,而是一系列的酶来进行级联放大
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And so you'll learn over time both by seeing and by doing that there are generally some good ways, some okay ways, and some bad ways of actually writing code.
久而久之，你们将通过看和实践来学习到,这里通常有很好的方法，还行的方法，很烂的方法来编写代码。
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Normally, I will mention our readings, but I won't spend a lot of time actually discussing them in detail.
通常,我会提到我们的阅读材料,但是我不会花过多的时间,来讨论细节问题
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And the relationship that he put forth is that the momentum is equal to Planck's constant times nu divided by the speed of light, or it's often more useful for us to think about it in terms of wavelength.
爱因斯坦提出的关系式是,动量等于普朗克常数,乘以υ除以光速，或者用波长来表示,通常更容易让我们想明白。
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The signal comes in the form of molecules which we're going to call throughout the lecture here 'ligands'.
信号通常以分子的形式来传递,在这门课里我们把这种分子叫做配体
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People use bin packing algorithms to figure out, for example, how to load up container ships.
人么通常用装箱算法来计算这个问题，比如说怎样装载货船。
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Often,we just don't know how it got it, and it just happened because somebody just said, "It's authoritative. It must've been written by an apostle."
我们通常都不知道它是如何来的，它已经成了事实，因为有人说，“它具有权威，肯定是由一位使徒所写“
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But they don't typically give feedback based on the syntax or grammaticality of what they say.
但他们通常不会根据儿童所说话语的语法,或者是否符合语法,来给予反馈
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And what it involves is placing a value, usually a dollar value, to stand for utility on the costs and the benefits of various proposals.
其做法包括，作出估价，通常是估计出金额，来代表功利,即分别列出成本，和各项收益的金额。
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I mean I'm not going to try to trick you or throw in things just to make sure you come to class, but it's usually a pretty good policy.
我不是和你们耍手段,也不是为让你们来上课而随便说说,但这通常是个好方法
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There typically is one military aid from each branch.
通常每个部门,都派一个军事人员来。
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What that means, Kaufman asserts, is that in pagan religion there's very often a fluid boundary between the divine, the human, and the natural worlds. They blur into one another because they all emerge ultimately from the same primordial world stuff.
考夫曼认为，在异教概念里,神族、人类和自然世界的划分标准通常是不固定的，三者之间互相影响，因为从根本上来说,它们都是从同一个世界本源上发展而来。
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Typically, we speak of the Bronze Age, the Mycenaean Period and so on, followed by the Dark Ages, but after that,you started having refined terms which derive actually from the world of the history of art.
通常,我们会说,青铜时代,迈锡尼文明时代,等等,之后是黑暗时代,但是在那之后,开始有精确的术语来界定时代,这些术语实际上源于艺术史的领域
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We tend to look at human behavior as a matter of providing rational incentives for human action while most people, in fact, are driven by a need for esteem and a desire to avoid humiliation.
通常，我们倾向于以理性地分析其动机为标准,来看待人的行为是否正确合理,而其他人则是以赢得自尊和避免羞辱为标准,来判断一个人的行为是否合理。
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And, so, you had this rather odd situation where instead of dogs guarding their masters or mistresses, you had the masters and mistresses guarding the dogs against people who would take the dogs and, unfortunately, kill them and eat them.
真是因为如此,产生了一种奇怪的现象,通常情况下是狗来守护主人的,而现在呢,主人必须时时刻刻保护自己的狗,以免被人抓去宰了吃
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The reserves are an accounting entry-- it's how much they are required to hold, but the companies will hold more than that, typically, in order to protect themselves-- more than is required--and their policy holders-- more than is required by the regulators.
提取准备金就要做会计分录,由相关部门的规定,来提存一定量的准备金,但是保险公司可以持有更多的准备金,通常,多提存是为了,保护他们自己以及投保人,于是持有更多准备金
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There're also changes of what you can teach, extends what you can teach, because you can get to concept which are really quite sophisticated that you will never teach it at the introductory level, because the math is the least that you can make it quantitatively, because you have a visualization that shows physically what's going on.
同时这也能改变,教学内容，你能教授的程度，因为你可以定义,那些通常很难的,你在入门阶段都不会遇到的,抽象阶段，因为数学是你最不能,用定量手段来解决的，因为你有一个直观过程,知道什么正在进行。
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So it can often make a lot more sense if we think about things in terms of energy.
通常我们从能量的角度来,考虑就能更好的理解这点。
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Last time we used printf generally to print a static string, like a hardcoded string, like "David," just for example's sake.
上次我们通常用“printf“,来打印一个静态的字符串，像硬编码的字符串“David“,这只是个例子。
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Now to start with, the plasmid is usually shown in a diagram like this as a circle.
首先要说的是,质粒通常用图中这个环形来表示
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Typically, these are recent imaging methods like CAT scan and PET scan and fMRI which, as I said before, show parts of your brain at work.
通常是应用现代的成像技术来进行研究,比如电脑断层扫描,正电子发射断层扫描技术,以及功能性核磁共振成像,正如我之前所说,这些技术可以让你看到大脑的活动区域
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All right. Second question: or maybe a better way of saying this, and the general format you're likely to see here is, a test involving a variable name, which must be initialized outside of the loop, and which interior to the loop gets changed, so that the test is going to change.
好，第二个问题：,换种更好的方式来说吧，你们通常喜欢的,方式是，这个测试涉及到一个变量名字，变量在循环外已经被初始化，然后循环内部会改变这个变量的值，因此测试结果会改变。
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And often in response people who want to foster more positive views will often try to--will often put in representatives from other groups in unusual ways to make that point.
为了反击这种刻板印象,想形成一个积极观点的人,通常都会…,引进其他群体的成员,以不同寻常的方式来证明他们的观点。
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It might be improved by presenting other views better and more objectively, since Kagan always ended a particular line of reasoning by defeating the argument if he didn't agree with it.
讲课效果会提升如果更好的,并更客观的展示其他观点，因为卡刚通常通过击败一个论点,来结束特定的推理，如果他不同意它。
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It's usually shown like a clock is shown here, where time 0, which is at the top here is right at the end of mitosis where you have two new cells that are formed.
通常会用一个类似时钟的图来图示,0时刻,在最上端 为上次有丝分裂终点,代表两个新细胞刚刚形成
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Some notion of being above yourself and thinking yourself more than a man with the implication that you are approaching some kind of divinity by being more than a man, and acting accordingly,which usually requires that you use violence to achieve what you want.
某种超越自我的信念,认为自己不只是凡人,这就暗示了,你正接近某种神灵,为此,通常需要使用暴力,来达成所愿
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So for instance, institutions like mental institutions and some prisons have installed token economies where there's rewards for good behavior, often poker chips of a sort.
比如像精神病院和监狱这样的机构,都引入了代币法,来奖励良好行为，这些代币通常是扑克筹码一类的东西。
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We've learned how to identify and catalog cells according to the composition of proteins on the surface and those proteins that distinguish a cell are often called marker proteins.
我们学会了如何按照表面的蛋白成分,来识别并分类细胞,而这些用来区别细胞的蛋白,通常称为标记蛋白
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But for the next week or two when you're writing programs, at least for the first time, generally if you're trying Scratch to debug them like you might have been trying to troubleshoot Scratch, you're probably going to reason - through it by looking through the your code -- -- top to bottom, maybe engage a staff member for help -- but your friend will also be printf.
但是，在接下来的一两周内，当你们写程序的时候，或至少在第一次写的时候，通常如果你在调试程序,就像你们可能已经试着调试过,你们或许是通过查看你们的代码,来推断你们的程序-,从头到尾，可能还需要别人的帮忙-,但是你的朋友也将要打印输出。
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It's a little more involved on a PC but it's all free, the software you can download, and Linux in similar operating systems generally come with a compiler or you run a simple command to get it.
在PC机上有点复杂，但是它是免费的，你一般下载的软件，类似Linux的操作系统等等通常都需要,一个编译器，或者你可以运行一些简单的指令来获取。
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