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It shows an assessment of reading proficiency levels in fourth grade.
这项研究对,四年级同学的阅读熟练程度。
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Can you explain to us about stem cell research and why it's so controversial?
你能跟我们解释一下干细胞研究，
以及为什么这项研究会受到这么多的争议吗？
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Back in 1988, when we started this study, we asked realtors around the country, what is the hottest market in the United States?
回溯到1988年,那时我们刚开始这项研究,我们问遍了整个国家的房产中介,在美国最炙手可热的市场是哪里
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While you ask people this question, and this was done by the Gallup organization.
当你问别人这个问题，盖洛普组织做了这项研究。
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It was undertaken with two primary figures at its head for many, many years.
这项研究是由两大人物牵头,进行了很多很多年
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This is a study done by National System of Educational Progress.
这项研究,是由国家教育发展组织所做的。
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That study is Systems Physiology and that's an important subdivision of Biomedical Engineering.
这项研究叫做系统生理学,它是生物医学工程的一个重要分支
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So the two points of interest of research are how does it work this conversion of mechanical energy into electrical energy how are we able to bring back lost hair cells to cure deafness.
因此这项研究的两个关键点,一是机械能,是如何转化成电能的,我们能不能通过修复受损的毛细胞,来治疗耳聋。
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That is a constant study.
这项研究花了很长时间
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I want to share with you at the end today a study, one of the most famous studies in the field " called "the Cambridge-Somerville Youth Study psychology".
最后我想介绍以下这项研究，心理学最有名的研究,“剑桥-萨默维尔青年学习心理学。
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This study is very interesting because what it did was take nurses, a cohort of a hundred thousand nurses -my wife is actually--just happens to be one of the subjects in this study because she's a nurse.
这项研究很有趣,它将十万名护士作为实验对象,我的太太恰好也是其中一名实验对象,她也是一名护士
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Just introduce this.
这项研究就是这样进行的。
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This is mainly a research tool now, but there's lots of reasons to believe that this is going to change the way that physicians practice medicine by allowing them to diagnose or predict what's going to happen to you in ways that they can't currently.
这项技术现在还只是一种研究工具,但我们有理由相信,它将改变,内科医生诊疗实践的方式,因为它能让医生,诊断或预测出病人将要得的病,这是他们现在做不到的
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You see the African-American individuals have a somewhat lower risk, although not a lot, from the white people individuals in this study, but the Mexican-Americans have elevated risk compared to the other two races.
非裔美国人患病风险相对较低,尽管在这项研究中,他们与白人之间的差异并不显著,但与这两个种族相比,墨西哥裔美国人患病风险则比较高
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What happened in the study?
这项研究说明了什么？
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One, there's a growing amount of literature showing that Mediterranean--eating the Mediterranean Diet has protected against a number of diseases, but also there was a study on this that just came out on Friday, and I'd like to discuss the results of that particular study.
首先越来越多的文献指出,地中海式饮食可以预防多种疾病,另外上周五有一篇新发表的研究,我一会儿会讲讲这项研究的研究结果
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Two of the key players there are Frank Speizer, a physician who got the study started, The Nurses' Health Study I, that got started in 1976, and then Walter Willett who got Nurses' Health Study II started, and is still the principle investigator of these studies.
弗兰克.斯佩萨是两名关键成员之一,就是这位内科医生提出进行 这项研究,第一阶段护士健康研究开始于1976年,另一位主要成员是沃尔特·威莱特,他开始了第二阶段的护士健康研究,他还是这些研究的理论调查者
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There is a very big-- one of the largest clinical trials that the U.S. Government ever did was called the Women's Health Initiative, and there were several purposes built into this particular study, but what it did was it took post menopausal women and randomly assigned them to different dietary conditions.
有一个很大的,美国政府曾经做过的,一个最大的临床试验,叫做"妇女健康倡导计划",这项研究有几个特殊的目的,研究主要是将更年期的妇女,随机分配至,不同的饮食环境中
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It was launched in 1948 by The National Heart Institute, that later is now called The National Heart, Lung & Blood Institute, the NHLBI.
这项研究是1948年,由国家心脏病学会提出的,该学会之后更名为,国家心肺血液研究所,简称NHLBI
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And it was a practice that was not broadly used until somebody really studied systematically.
这项技术一直没有广泛应用,直到有人系统地研究它
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This pool, twelve very large studies, if you put all the number of subjects in those studies together, it would come up to a million and a half people.
这项研究汇总了十二个大型研究,如果把所有研究的受测者数量加起来,将有一百五十万之多
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What's true problem of that study?
这项研究到底揭示了什么问题？
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The interest there was what do--can we learn about this because there were populations all over the world starving and scientists wanted to know what was happening physiologically to people and then what was the best way to re-feed them when you got--when they got access to food again?
我们关心的是从这项研究中能学到什么,世界上有很多人还在忍饥挨饿,科学家们想知道,饥饿对人们生理上的影响,以及当饥饿的人重新拥有足够食物的时候,最好的进食方法
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You could take weights on people measured over a period of many years and look at the variability over time in weight and then link it to things like heart disease and cancer, and I'll come back later and talk about the results of that particular study.
我们还可以得到人们很长一段时间里,每年的体重数据,观察体重随着时间变化的变动,并将观察结果与心脏疾病和癌症联系起来,我等一下会告诉大家这项研究的结果
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