If you could introduce that gene you'd make the chemical, in this case it's a protein called vascular endothelial growth factor.

通过导入一种生成特殊化学物质的基因,这种疗法中指的是一种蛋白,叫做血管内皮生长因子

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

That can be supplied by an antagonist called Aldopa - which is not exactly the same as dopamine, it's slightly different.

这种物质能够由一种拮抗剂,叫做阿多巴转化而来,但它与多巴胺的结构并不完全相同,有一点差别

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

It's a material force that his rhetoric challenges and relies on, gives him a means of getting off the ground, and a means of always getting back to it, too.

这是他的修辞所挑战的并且依赖的物质力量，这种力量给他离开地面的方法，也给他回到地面的方法。

耶鲁公开课 - 现代诗歌课程节选

Doesn't it follow that a soul, an immaterial entity, can't be destroyed by a material, physical process?

而灵魂这种,无形的实体,是否会遵循这个规律被物质,也就是物理过程摧毁呢

耶鲁公开课 - 死亡课程节选

Now, this research suggests that infants' understanding of the physical world is there from the very start, but at the same time not entirely.

这个研究表明,婴儿从出生,就对物质世界有所理解,但同时这种理解并不完善

耶鲁公开课 - 心理学导论课程节选

Once they have it, and they plant permanent crops, that changes the whole basis of society and the values, and the attitudes that go with it.

一旦他们拥有了土地,他们会栽种长期作物,这就改变了整个社会的物质基础和价值观,以及处理这种问题时的态度

耶鲁公开课 - 古希腊历史简介课程节选

The scattering is an indication of the nature of the substance.

这种散射,解释出了物质的本性。

麻省理工公开课 - 固态化学导论课程节选

> You can see this frankly in the consumer world.

>坦白说，这种现象在物质世界里处处可见。

哈佛公开课 - 计算机科学课程节选

Most everybody understands the basic concept of what a calorie is: you eat food, it delivers something that can affect your weight, and that something is divided into units called calories.

大部分人所理解的基本定义是,人们吃食物,其中某些物质影响体重,这种物质划分为小单位后称之为卡路里

耶鲁公开课 - 关于食物的心理学、生物学和政治学课程节选

So when I use the word "Soul," I will try to reserve it for the metaphysical view, according to which souls are something immaterial.

所以当我使用"灵魂"这个词时,我将会把它用在形而上学的观点里,这种观点认为,灵魂是非物质的

耶鲁公开课 - 死亡课程节选

Are there things that need to be explained that we could explain if we posited the existence of a soul, an immaterial object, above and beyond the body?

有没有这样的事物,只有假定灵魂,这种凌驾于肉体之上的,非物质实体存在,才能对其进行解释

耶鲁公开课 - 死亡课程节选

The other is that this kind of adherence gives the tissue a property that's useful, in this case the property is it can serve as a barrier to nutrients from entering our body.

另外这种黏附,给予组织一种非常有用的属性,这种属性表现为组织成为,营养物质进入身体过程中的屏障

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

And so, Descartes' attempt to establish the distinctness of the mind, the immateriality of the mind, on the basis of this Cartesian thought experiment, I think that's unsuccessful.

所以,笛卡尔试图,用他的卡式思想实验来证明,心灵的独立存在性,和非物质性,我认为这种尝试是失败的

耶鲁公开课 - 死亡课程节选

That approach pretty clearly isn't going to work for souls, because a soul--and again, we've got in mind this metaphysical view, according to which it's something immaterial-- isn't something we see.

但这种方法显然不能用来证明灵魂的存在,因为灵魂,我再一次说明,从这种形而上学的角度来看,灵魂是非物质实体,我们看不到它

耶鲁公开课 - 死亡课程节选

Don't worry about how they work in the immune system, but what if you could manufacture antibodies then you could make a chemical, an antibody, that is capable of binding to a specific other chemical and you could use that for things.

别管它们在免疫系统内是怎么工作的,只要考虑能不能制造抗体,那么假设你能制造这种化学物质 抗体,抗体又能够同其他特别的化学物质结合,你就可以让抗体为我所用

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Well the fact is it could be hundreds of foods in the American food supply, and what's noteworthy about this particular list of ingredients, is that it's fifty-six entries long; fifty-six things in this particular food and we defined it as food.

实际上,答案可以是,几百种美国食品,值得注意的是,这张配料单,居然包含了五十六种配料,这种由五十六种物质构成的东西,而我们还将它定义为食品

耶鲁公开课 - 关于食物的心理学、生物学和政治学课程节选