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This is what Tynjanov says: In formalist historiography, the prime significance of major social factors is not at all discarded.
提尼亚诺夫这样说：,在形式主义者编写历史时，并没有完全忽略主要社会力量的重要性。
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I lived with Italians and, um, my entire life was not in English, um, for a year, um, which I loved,
我和意大利人住在一起。所以，整整一年的时间，我都没有接触英语。当然，我挺喜欢这样一段经历的。
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And there you are, and, for the next 40 years, no one ever sees the novel that you wrote, or the autobiography that you wrote originally.
就这样，在这之后的40年里，没有人看到你写的小说，或者你最初的自传。
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Notice one last piece. If I'm going to do that, run through all possible answers, I still want to know, gee, what if there aren't any answers? How do I return that case?
注意最后一段，如果我要这样做，也就是运行所有可能的答案，我还是想知道要是没有结果呢？,在这个例子中应该返回什么呢？
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So in this case, we don't have enough energy to eject an electron, so, an electron is not ejected.
所以在这种情况下，我们没有足够的能量,去逐出一个电子，这样没有电子被逐出。
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I wish it didn't say "exit," but it does say "exit," because that kind of weakens my point, but over many auditorium doors a red light just hangs there.
如果这些灯上没有注明出口就好了“,因为这样会削弱我要证明的观点，礼堂的门上一般会挂着一盏红灯。
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Other languages don't have that distinction and so those distinctions are very difficult for non-native English speakers to learn.
其他语言并没有这样的差别,所以非英语母语的说话者,很难发现这些差别
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No continent, you could argue, had ever been quite made readymade if you want--for railroads quite like North America.
没有哪个大陆,你可以为此争辩,像北美这样,及其适合铁路的发展
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I've seen many people not react that way, and probably regret it.
我知道很多人没有这样做，现在他们可能后悔了。
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Why should I act in such a way if I have no expectation or reasonable expectation that those around me will reciprocate?
如果我对别人的报答,没有期望或合理的期望,我为什么要这样做？
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They share those things in common, which is not to say that a country like France wasn't urbanized.
这是他们两国的共同点,但也不是说,像法国这样的国家没有城市化
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So if you've ever done something bad like drop your laptop or smack your computer and you've never been told not to do this.
如果你以前做过类似的摔或拍打电脑,并且没有人告诉你不可以这样做。
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That's $1 more than it costs now in the market, so the options are worthless unless the price of the stock goes up.
这样每股就要比市场价多花费一美元,除非股票价格增长了,否则这个期权就是没有价值的
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and Galbraith said you know we don't have a viable local parterner in Karzai and his government.
盖布瑞斯说到我们在卡尔扎伊政府中并没有这样的伙伴。
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That made it very beautiful and there's no way in God's earth that we could replicate that to the Western system of musical notation.
那使得它十分美丽,我们却没有任何办法,用西方的乐谱方法,再现这样的音乐
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Talking--presenting the picture to the world that, 'Well look at this wonderful thing we did, we took out the trans fats and now you can eat as much of it as you want.' They don't say it but one could infer that from the advertisement.
他们向全世界展示这样的情景,"看看我们做的这件好事吧,我们摒弃了反式脂肪酸,现在你们可以尽情享用食物了",他们并没有直接说出这样的话,但任何一个人都能从广告里看出来
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So there's plenty of room to still innovate in that way, to develop new methods that could protect against diseases like AIDS or diseases like malaria that we don't have problems with here but they do in many parts of the world, and so we'll talk about that.
我们还有很长的路要走,研究一些新方法以预防艾滋病这样的疾病,或者像疟疾这样尽管在我国没有威胁,但在世界很多地方还很严重的疾病,我们也会讲到这些
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but at the same time that means I get to meet a lot people that I wouldn't normally have met.
但同时这意味着我能接触到更多的人，如果不是在布朗大学，我可能没有这样的机会。
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and you close the door, and you stand up sleeping like this because there's no place to lay down.
然后你关上门，就像这样站着睡觉，因为没有地方躺。
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Clearly, if I take a chalk like this one here, and I throw it on the ground, and it breaks in little pieces, if I run the movie backwards that doesn't make sense, right?
很清楚，如果我拿一支这样的粉笔，把它扔到地上，它会摔成碎片，如果我们把这个场景倒过来放映,那是没有意义的，对吧？
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How do you know something like this doesn't happen every single night, every hour on the hour, ? every minute, every second?
你怎么知道这样的事,每一晚，每个小时，每分每秒都没有发生？
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And that way we won't have to worry about running out of time at the end.
这样我们没有必要担心,在最后超时了。
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There should not be anybody in this room who is mystified by this statement.
在座各位应该没有人,看不懂这样的表达
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That doesn't solve the problem we had before though Then I'm going to append it, and keep the last change for future use.
这样没有解决我们之前的问题,所以我要给它加上一个值，让上一次的变化能够用到未来的例子中。
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- If someone-- you're-- one of you're predecessor didn't already submit it, do follow the directions at top left which says, add calendar so that we can augment the data set even further.
如果-,除非前任代表没有提交相应信息，一定要遵循左上方的用法说明，添加日历,这样就可以进一步增大数据集。
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What you can do is you can iterate keys, which gives you the keys in the dictionary, and then you can choose them, but there's no guarantee in the order in which you get keys.
你能做的就是迭代得到键，这样就可以得到字典中，所有的键并进行选择，但是键的顺序,是没有保证的。
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I want to point out that the zero energy is defined as when you have a naked proton -- where the electron has popped out -- that's what we've defined as zero energy up to this point when we're talking about single atoms.
我想指出，这里零点能的定义,是当我们只有一个裸露的质子,而没有电子时-,到目前为止对零点能一直采用这样的定义,当我们在讨论单个原子时。
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Now, the point of this illustration, again, is that it shows that you don't know this.
这个例子同样表明，你对这样的情况并没有察觉。
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Right, but if you just got the primary exposure, wouldn't the secondary response automatically-- not a booster shot, just the secondary response, because you were exposed?
但这时你已经获得这样的初次免疫,而因为你已经天然感染过该病毒,那么,在没有加强针的情况下,二次免疫是否无法自动发生
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