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So, the first obvious one is to take V1 to V2 first with p constant. So take this path here.
从初态到末态可以有无数种路径2,甚至像这样，我们只研究两种。
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every Friday, we would go to the architecture monument that we're looking at and study it.
每个周五，我们都去建筑纪念馆，
这样我们就能了解和研究它。
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Now I have done this in a sophomore seminar, and I did it in a graduate seminar.
我在大二研讨课里这样做了，在研究生研讨课也这样做了。
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Why, then, should we not study the acquisition of a cognitive structure like language more or less as we study some complex bodily organ?
我们为什么不应当,像研究某些复杂身体器官那样,去或多或少地研究,像语言这样的认知结构的习得
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And we have in Ancient Near Eastern iconography thrones of this type.
在古近东时期的肖像研究中我们看见过这样的宝座。
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So the job of a good philosopher of his kind is to help make us our ideas clear And to do that, he worked out a logical system.
所以像他那类出色哲学家的任务就是,帮助我们将我们自己的观点说清楚,为了这样，他研究了逻辑体系。
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The wisdom to know the difference-- fortunately, a lot of this wisdom can come from studies, from research, from deep introspection that you will do throughout the semester.
认识两者差别的智慧-,幸运的是，这样的智慧可以通过学习获得，通过研究和在这个学期,进行的深刻反省中获得。
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As a consequence, he and other researchers then started looking into the lifestyles of people in these various countries to see what might help explain these differences in heart disease.
看到这样的结果,凯斯和其他研究员,开始研究七个国家人们的生活方式,看看是什么原因造成了,心脏病发病率之间的差异
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We're interested in what's going to happen in these markets.
我们需要研究这样的市场会如何发展
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The extent to which Milton succeeds in justifying such a God in Paradise Lost will be, of course, one of the questions that we will be exploring over the next couple of weeks. So You will read for Wednesday's class the first two books of Paradise Lost.
在失乐园中弥尔顿成功地证实了,这样一个上帝,扩展出了一个我们下几周要研究的一个问题,所以在周三前阅读失乐园的前两部。
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How could one begin such a study?
人如何开始这样一个研究？
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And he says this about his own little research: "I shall not hesitate to put down for you with my interpretations whatsoever things I well learned at one time from the Presbyters," just meaning the old guys,elders,"and well remembered, confidently asserting truthfulness for them.
对于他自己的研究，他这样说：,“我会毫不犹豫地写下,我曾经从长老那里学到和记住的,一切东西，而且加上我的诠释“,长老指长者，前辈，“并自信地肯定他们的真实性。
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And I'm sure you can imagine that if you want to label onw protein green and one red and one yellow, now you can start looking at really complex biological processes.
我相信你们可以想象如果你,需要把一个蛋白质标记成绿色,一个标记红色，一个标记黄色，这样你就可以研究非常复杂的生物学过程。
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I just say that in passing to call your attention to it as a risk that's involved in our engagement with a hermeneutic project of the nature of Gadamer's.
我这样说只是为了提醒你们,研究有伽达默尔的诠释学理论时,可能有这样的风险。
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And being in a medical center, we always wonder where does this research lead us.
身在这样一家医疗中心，我们一直想知道这一研究的导向这里。
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So biomedical engineers have been working for many years on how to design replacement parts for joints like the hip: the artificial hip is the most well developed of those.
因此,生物医学工程师花了很多年时间,致力于设计像髋关节这样的关节替代品,尤以人工髋关节的研究最为成熟
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Well, with the first movement we said he's generally going and that kind of idea, but now it's and we'll explore this when we get to harmony, this idea of major and minor so we're going music and now and that's a change from the dark minor to the brighter major.
在第一乐章,我们说过它大体上,就像这样,但现在,我们讲到和弦时再来研究这个,大调和小调的概念,我们继续听音乐,还有这个,这就是小调到大调间的转变,由阴郁转向明亮
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There's a group of people in the United States and elsewhere who studied something called the Built Environment- how the environment is built affects how much physical activity we get.
在美国以及其他地区有这样一群人,进行着被称为环境构建的研究,研究环境的构建是怎样影响我们的活动量
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So a good bit of what we know about diet and health now comes from studies like The Nurses' Health Study, and in the past, from studies like The Framingham Study and The Seven Country Study.
我们现在知道的关于饮食与健康的知识,相当大一部分来自于像,护士健康研究这样的调查,而在过去则是来自像弗明汉研究和,七国研究这样的项目
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So tens or hundreds of millions of dollars would go into a study like this by the time it was completed, money that could have been used for other things, to test whether eating a low fat diet would reduce risk for breast cancer.
数以百万计的美元,投入到这样的研究,当研究结束时,本可以用来做其他事情的钱,被用来检测是否低脂膳食,可降低患乳腺癌风险
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Just introduce this.
这项研究就是这样进行的。
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Why is it that when we see these law partners, or medical partners, or whatever it happens to be, or students together on a homework assignment, why is it we tend to get inefficiently little effort when we start figuring out the strategy and working through the game?
为什么这些律师事务所的律师,医疗合伙人或者其他类似的机构,还有一起做作业的学生,当我们研究过这些策略和博弈后,为何这样的组合往往是收效甚微的
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So there's going to be lots of times in this class when we get to play games, we get to have classroom discussions and so on, but there's going to be some times when we have to slow down and do some work, and the next twenty minutes are going to be that.
我们在课上会经常,通过游戏学习博弈,我们还会举行随堂讨论等等,但是我们也需要花费一些时间,来慢慢研究一些问题,接下来的二十多分钟就是这样的
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But you can imagine the inability to do that in a big population study with thousands and thousands of subjects, so we have to rely on data like this.
但你们可以想象在一个大样本研究中,不可能对数以千计的研究对象做这种培训,所以我们需要依靠像这样的数据
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And one reason we know this is because of the demonstrated case studies where a language is created within a single generation.
我们之所以这样认为,是因为有许多的个案研究,都证明了一代人之内是可以创造出语言的
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Because what I am saying here is "let's not study the average", let's study the top five percent so that we can understand the phenomenon better.
我想说的是，不要研究大众，研究快乐指数最高的5%的人,这样就可以更好地理解这一现象。
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Now, you might find this sort of project in the end to be repellant.
也许你们最后会,对这样的研究课题感到反感
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Science, particularly more advanced sciences like physics or chemistry, are all about unobservables.
科学，尤其是像物理,或者化学这样较为尖端的科学，研究的都是不可观测的事物。
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One thing it's important for is clever developmental psychologists have used habituation as a way to study people, creatures who can't talk like nonhuman animals, and young babies.
原因之一就是,聪明的发展心理学家们将习惯化,作为研究人类，研究诸如非人类动物或是婴儿这样,无法进行言语表达的生物，的一种方式。
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In fact there's research-- for example, this was done with internists, doctors, who are giving a very difficult, very difficult question connected to a liver problem that an individual patient had.
实际上有这样一项研究-,在内科医生，医生中间进行，向他们提出一个，与肝脏问题有关的很困难的问题,那是一个病人的病症。
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