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For a real gas it depends on more than the temperature STUDENT: Are there any other constraints similar to that .
而对实际气体，这是不对的,它的内能不仅仅依赖于温度,学生：有其他,类似的约束吗？
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dT/dp is mu JT. So for a real gas like air, this is a positive number. It's not zero.
所以对于像空气这样的真实气体，这是一个正数，不等于零。
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This is the diagram taken right from your text, there are the two electrodes coming in and this is atomic hydrogen in the gas tube.
这是从教科书上复制下来的图表，这里有两个电极进来,这是气体管中的氢原子。
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This is the fact that we occupy a finite volume in space, because they're little hard spheres in this molecule.
这是由气体分子在空间中,占据有限体积造成的,因为事实上它们是硬的小圆球。
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This needs to be stressed that this is the ideal gas case. Now regular gases, real gases fortunately as I said, don't obey this.
需要强调的是这是对理想气体而言的,普通气体，真实气体，就像我说过的,不遵循这个规律，这是非常重要的。
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PROFESSOR BAWENDI: So the question was, for an isothermal expansion, delta u does not change, therefore, The answer is that's true only for an ideal gas.
你的问题是，在等温过程中，内能是否，这只对理想气体成立。
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For real gases, there's a whole bunch of equation the states that you can find in textbooks, and I'm just going to go through a few of them.
这是理想气体的状态方程,对实际气体,你可以在教科书里，找到许多描述它们的,状态方程。
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This quantity is exactly zero for an ideal gas and we'll discover why eventually it has to do with what we mean by an ideal gas it turns out.
对理想气体它是零,这点我们接下来会知道是,为什么，这与为什么我们叫它理想气体有关。
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I would say with the aid of an energy level diagram explain the fact that helium is found as atomic gas and not molecular. How about this one?
我要说的是，在能级图的帮助下,可以解释氦气是单原子气体,而不是分子气体这一事实,那么这个呢？
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And so, when you think about how much cement concrete are consumed annually on the planet, this becomes a considerable point source of greenhouse gas emissions.
当你想到,在地球上每年要消耗多少的水泥混凝土的时候,这将是温室气体排放的,一个主要来源。
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B=0 There's going to be some temperature where B is equal to zero. In that case, your gas is going to look awfully like an ideal gas.
在某个温度,这时，实际气体的表现，十分接近理想气体,高于这一温度它是正的。
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Real refrigerators actually work with liquids that go into gases so use the latent heat of the liquid, so it doesn't really work like the Joule-Thomson expansion. So this is real.
液体变成气体来工作,以运用液体的潜热，所以这不是,真正像焦耳-汤姆逊膨胀一样工作,这是真实的气体，不像焦耳。
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It's true for any gas, and if I remove this limit here, r t is equal to p v bar, I'm going to call that an ideal gas.
这样的气体被称作理想气体,这就是理想气体的性质，理想气体的涵义是什么？
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And you can find these compressibility factors in tables. If you want to know the compressibility factors for water, for steam, at a certain pressure and temperature, you go to a table and you find it.
各种气体的压缩系数,想知道水或者水蒸气,在某个温度和压强下的，压缩系数，查表就行了，这是实际气体状态方程的。
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And now we're going to specify, we're going to do a Carnot cycle for an ideal gas.
我们具体地指定一个卡诺循环，这是理想气体。
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Now, if this is an ideal gas, we know that pressure is equal to nRT over volume.
如果这是一个理想气体系统，我们知道压强等于nRT除以体积。
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And, this is a really clever reaction because titanium tetrachloride is a gas.
这是一个非常巧妙的反应,因为四氯化钛是一种气体。
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So if delta v is negative, in this case delta v is negative, OK, delta v is negative, pressure is a positive number, negative times negative is positive, work is greater than zero.
也就是当活塞,压缩气体的时候，做的功是正的，按照这一规定,我们需要在这里，加上一个负号，这是习惯规定。
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So it's, this is just the integral pdv And it's an ideal gas, isothermal, right.
从一点到二点的,的积分。，from，one，to，two，of，p，dV。,这是理想气体，恒温过程，好的。
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Pressure has dropped out of the picture completely here. So there is no p dependence here.
理想气体的H只是温度的函数,这对于真实气体来说是。
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This is ionic radii with a noble gas configuration.
这是稀有气体的离子半径。
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Here is an ion gas.
这是一种离子气体。
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And then V minus the excluded volume term is equal to RT. Two parameters, this is the attraction between two atoms or molecules in the gas phase.
以及V减去一个排斥项,等于RT，两个参数，这是气体状态下两个原子,或者分子之间的吸引力。
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I'm pressing on the gas. So I expect that to be a positive number. The pressure is constant 0 p. The V goes from V1 to zero.
我们对气体加压,所以这应该是一个正数,压强是常数，p，V从V1变成。
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So what happens then we're going to use the ideal gas law. So it's approximately delta u plus delta nRT. That's a constant. That's a constant.
我们现在要应用理想气体物态方程,这个近似等于ΔU加上Δ,这是常数，这是常数。
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