This is Yeats rather later, still dressed, however, in his study as an aesthete and dandy.
这是叶芝在晚年时在书房里,打扮成美学家和花花公子的原因。
And to do this we're going to introduce valence bond theory, and the idea of hybridization of orbitals.
在这之前我们要引入价电子成键理论,和杂化轨道的概念。
Now take these two fingers-- the middle finger and the thumb-- and as much as possible, from that 90 degree angle, create a circle.
再让这两个手指-,中指和姆指-,尽可能保持直角时围成一个圆圈。
People have done experiments through the ages, and they've accumulated the knowledge from these experiments, and they've synthesized these experiments into a few basic empirical rules, empirical laws, which are the laws of thermodynamics.
很长的时期内,人们做了大量的实验,从这些实验中积累知识,将这些实验总结成一些基本的经验法则和定律,这就是热力学的定律,然后,人们给这些定律添加,数学架构。
These are the bonding and antibonding.
这是成键和反键。
In the language, if I can switch to the language of modern economics, one could say that for Thrasymachus politics is a zero-sum game.
换个领域的词汇,让我用现代经济学的话来说,这可能将,Thrasymachus,式的政治,喻成一场零和游戏。
That's what we call when we have three bonding atoms and one lone pair.
这是当我们有3个成键电子,和一个孤对时这样称它。
Iron as an element is a solid. That's it's most stable state at room temperature and pressure, right, and so on. And then we can figure out heats of formation.
铁单质是固态,这是他在室温和常压下,最稳定的状态,然后我们,可以算出生成热,现在这个。
s plus 1s gives you this oval ellipsoid which is the bonding, and here are the antibonding, and then these are the energy levels that I have been drawing for you.
s和1s上两个电子组成的键合电子成椭圆形,这是成键,这是反键电子,这些是刚刚已经画过的能级,我也给你们画了。
And specifically, when we give them a name it's very clear exactly which orbitals they come from combining, - we're calling these s p 3 orbitals -- that's because they come from combining 1 s orbital and 3 p orbitals.
特别的,我们命名它们,使得很容易看到它们是什么轨道结合而成的,我们叫这些轨道sp3轨道-,这是因为它们是由1s轨道,和3p轨道组合成的。
There's not two bonds, that's one pi bond, and the reason is because it's 2 p orbitals coming together, and remember p orbitals have electron density above and below the axis, so when they come together, it kind of looks like one bonds, but essentially what we have here is one pi bond.
这不是两个键,这是一个π键,因为这是两个2p轨道组合而成的,记住p轨道在键轴之上,和键轴之下都有电子密度,当它们靠近时,这看着很像两个键,但本质上它是一个π键。
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