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And again, there'll be key elements that run in cycles and understanding those can be extremely important in understanding how cellular function works.
同样地，在循环中也会有,一些关键的要素,研究这些对于理解细胞的,运作机制是极其重要的。
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The cells would be basically little reactors for generating lots of virus so you could make lots of virus to study.
这些细胞会变成增殖反应堆,从而产生大量病毒,由此可以得到大量供研究的病毒
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They have nothing to do with the cells that are on your head, the hairs on your head. These are modified neurons.
这些细胞与脑细胞,不是一回事，与头发也没有任何关系而是改良后的神经元。
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Once you have a difference that occurs, two cells are difference, those differences can propagate as the cells continue to divide.
一旦产生差异,产生两个不同的细胞,这些差异会伴随着,细胞分裂过程代代相传
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All these cells come from the bone marrow and biologists have traced the formation of these cells in great detail.
所有这些细胞都来自骨髓,而生物学家已经很详细地,研究了这些细胞的形成过程
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Remember that these cells are relatively large compared to bacteria and so diffusion doesn't occur very quickly over this length scale.
要知道这些细胞相对细菌而言,还是比较大的,扩散作用在这种尺度上,发生得不是那么快
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These are cells that I that were obtained either from a more developed embryo, past the blastocyst stage.
这些细胞是我从,发育的更成熟的一些胚胎中提取的,这些胚胎已经过了囊胚期了
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A capability for asymmetric division and the production of cells that become differentiating more mature cells, those are properties of stem cells.
能够完成不对称分裂,以及产生细胞,并分化成为一些更成熟的细胞,这些是干细胞的性质
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It means that if I took this cell and isolated and watched it, I'd notice that it had a couple of characteristics.
意思就是如果我取这些细胞,分离并观察,我会发现它有几个特征
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That difference has functional consequences for the daughter cells in that one of the daughter cells becomes what's called here a committed progenitor cell.
而这些差异会导致子细胞,产生一些功能上的变化,其中一个子细胞会成为,所谓的定向祖细胞
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These are cells that recognize a particular antigen, they're ready to differentiate into antibody.
这些记忆细胞可识别相应的抗原,它们已经准备好分化产生抗体
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You took biology in high school, you learned the names of these organelles and their principle functions, the nucleus, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lysosomes.
你们高中学过生物,学过这些细胞器的名称,和基本功能,细胞核,内质网,高尔基体,线粒体,溶酶体
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Different amount of metabolic activity because one has a greater volume of cytoplasm than the other, for example, so these are exactly the right kinds of ideas.
大小不同,代谢活动的总量就会不同,可能因为一个细胞的胞质比另一个体积大,以上这些观点都是非常正确的
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So, it doesn't need to bind to a receptor on the surface of the cell in order to work because the molecule can actually enter the cell directly.
所以无需与细胞表面受体相结合来起效,因为这些分子能直接进入细胞
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I think that in the next decade we will probably know how these cells actually work and the ear catches up to vision smell and taste in that regard.
我还相信，未来的十年中,我们也许能探明这些细胞的机理,赶上视觉，嗅觉和味觉,这些领域的研究。
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Has only half of the diploid chromosomal content that most of the cells, which are called somatic cells in our body have.
卵子中只含有我们机体一半的染色体,二倍体基因组中一半的染色体,这些二倍体细胞称为体细胞
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So, it interacts with receptors called insulin receptors that are on cells that are sensitive to insulin.
它与细胞表面胰岛素受体相互作用,这些细胞对胰岛素很敏感
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The cells of this cluster inside next to the fluid filled cavity is a region of the blastocyst called the inner cell mass.
而这簇细胞的内侧,毗邻于充满液体的空腔的一侧,这些细胞在囊胚中称为内群细胞
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If we injected it into a muscle let's say, and your muscle cells took up this plasmid.
比如说,如果我们将其注射入肌肉内,则肌肉细胞就可以吸收这些质粒
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What the cell needs to be able to do is to integrate that information into a response.
细胞要做的事就是,整合这些信息并作出反应
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In this case, it might be a piece of a virus that's replicating inside this cell.
在这种情况下,有可能是,病毒的一部分已经开始在这些细胞中复制
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These cells are rare and so it's been hard to identify them, that's part of it.
这些细胞太少了,所以很难找到,这是原因之一
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That's a big problem and so can you protect these cells that you give to the recipient from attack by the recipient's immune system?
并且至关重要,那么你们想办法保护这些植入受体的细胞,使它们免受免疫系统的排异反应么
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Where your cells experience those states is through these extra cellular ligands called insulin and glucagon.
细胞所经历的这些状态改变是受,胰岛素和胰高血糖素这些外源配体影响
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The innate immune system composed of neutrophils and macrophages; these are cells that are crawling around your body all the time ready to eat bacteria.
它由嗜中性粒细胞和巨噬细胞构成,这些细胞不断在周身蠕行,准备吞噬细菌
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The kinds of proteins that sit on a cell surface and form adhesion junctions with neighboring cells, that's one class of cells on the surface.
这些蛋白位于细胞表面,和相邻的细胞建立粘附链接,这是细胞的一个种类
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We've learned how to identify and catalog cells according to the composition of proteins on the surface and those proteins that distinguish a cell are often called marker proteins.
我们学会了如何按照表面的蛋白成分,来识别并分类细胞,而这些用来区别细胞的蛋白,通常称为标记蛋白
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And so that debris fills up a little spot that would feel, according to reports, because again we don't see it now, feels like a little pellet underneath your skin.
然后这些死亡细胞都填充在一个点上,会有一种,根据记录所说,因为我们,没有再见过这病,会感觉皮肤下面有个小球
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So, you would grow these monkey kidney cells in culture, you would add some virus to the culture broth, the cells would become infected, the virus would go through its life cycle.
我们在培养基中培养这些猴肾细胞,然偶加入一些脊髓灰质炎病毒,这样细胞就会被感染,病毒开始不断繁殖
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Now, you'll hear reports in the literature, you'll look in the newspaper, you'll hear about scientists that have found ways to trans-differentiate cells, that is move them from one pathway to the other.
如今,你通过听文献讲座,看报纸,会听说科学家们已经发现了,转分化细胞的方法,即把这些细胞从一种分化途径转到另一种
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