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It is, of course, important if you use animal testing to treat the animals with as much dignity as possible.
如果要用动物做实验的话，请给予这些动物最大的尊严，我认为一点十分重要。
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The other aspect of this that I really appreciate is the fact that the experiments are done in the context of the lectures.
另一方面,也是我非常喜欢的一点,就是这些实验是,在讲座的背景下进行的。
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Yup. So it's just that ionization energy 94×10-18J that we have experimentally measured, 3 . 9 4 times 10 to the negative 18 joules.
它就是我们通过实验测得的,电离能3。,我们用所有的这些。
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Second, he looked at these people and measured how fast they walk from where their experiment was to the elevator.
第二，他观察这些人,记录他们从实验地点,走到电梯的时间。
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These are physical knobs that are available us as experimentalists. And so when we turn these knobs on our system, we want to know how the enthalpy is changing for that system.
这些都是我们做实验可,以得到的物理变量,所以当我们在系统中,改变这些量的时候。
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But we know this, in particular, from a series of studies that would be unethical if they were to be done today.
我们知道这点，是通过一系列的实验，出于人道精神,这些实验现在就不能做了。
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We know how you got that from an earlier experiment.
我们通过之前的实验知道了这些
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There are no lab reports that are due.
对这些内容我们不要求实验报告
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And so this is not like a math problem set or a physics problem set. Or, like a high school physics lab, where we all know what the answer should be, and you could fake your lab results anyway.
或是物理问题集合,又或者是高中的物理实验室，我们对这些问题都有确切的答案，或者你可以把你的实验结果改成正确的，有些事情是不能明确界定的。
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So it could be that they think that this is actually-- they haven't understood the experiment and they think this is a multi shot game, not a one shot game, good.
可能是这些人觉得这是,他们没有理解实验的目的,他们认为这是多次博弈而不是单次博弈
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What they did was they got subjects to participate in a psychological experiment and the experiment consisted of asking the subjects questions that had quantitative answers, which were always numbers from zero to one hundred.
他们找了很多人作为实验对象,参加这个心理实验,在实验中会问这些人,需要量化回答的问题,答案范围是从0到100
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One experiment a post doc of mine did was he took these cells and injected them back in to the ear into the otic vesicle at the stage where we think the cells are in development.
我的一位博士后做了一个实验,他提取出这些细胞,然后注射到,处于发育阶段的,耳部泡囊中。
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If you look at the normal labs that are in many places, you have a lab on Thursday afternoons, and the labs are either two weeks ahead or two weeks behind the lecture material.
如果你了解其他地方,一般的实验室，比如在星期四下午有实验课，这些实验要么是讲座的两周前,要么是讲座的两周后,才进行。
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People have done experiments through the ages, and they've accumulated the knowledge from these experiments, and they've synthesized these experiments into a few basic empirical rules, empirical laws, which are the laws of thermodynamics.
很长的时期内，人们做了大量的实验，从这些实验中积累知识,将这些实验总结成一些基本的经验法则和定律，这就是热力学的定律,然后，人们给这些定律添加，数学架构。
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Those are even better known than this, but this is right up there.
这些可能比我将讲的这个实验更有名，但我们现在要讲的实验。
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That's why I always say my lecture is on love, the definition of terms is about love, but the experiments really are much more about attraction than about love.
这就是为什么我的讲座主题是爱，是关于爱的定义，但是真正地，这些实验,更多的是关于吸引，而不是爱。
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I've got to find them by experimenting, by putting other bodies and seeing how they react and then finding out what's the force that acts on a body when it's placed in this or that situation.
我得通过实验找出这些力,我会增加其它物体,观察其反应,求出当它处在这种或者那种情况下时,作用在物体上的力
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So, the fact that--so, the experiments as I have described them are to some extent ambiguous.
事实上，这些实验,正如我所说，有一定程度的模糊性。
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We will give many lectures, ten or fifteen minutes of lectures, and that will be broken up by desktop experiments where the students collaborate with each other, doing experiments.
我们会讲很多小讲座，十或十五分钟一个，这些讲座中会间隔地穿插,桌面实验,学生可以一起合作，做实验。
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In these studies, they put a chimpanzee in a room and there's a lever.
在这些实验中，黑猩猩被放到一个房间，房间有根杠杆。
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These studies were done in France with four-day-old babies.
这些实验在法国对四天大的婴儿进了研究
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These people left the lab having learnt about themselves that they'll kill another person if someone tells them to, and as psychologists I don't think we have any right to do that to people.
这些电击者离开实验时发现,如果有人叫他们去杀人，他们真的会杀，作为心理学家,我们没权对他人做出这种行为。
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And I want to stop at this point to go back to the issue -I promised you I would turn a bit to sign language and I want to describe now a very elegant --I want to show a little film now of a very elegant series of experiments looking at the question of whether babies who are exposed to a sign language, babble.
我想在这里停一下,回到之前的一个问题上,我说过我会稍微讲一下手语,我现在想要播放一小段电影,展示一系列精彩的实验,这些实验探究了暴露在手语环境中的婴儿,是否会进行咿呀学语的问题
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And I'm going to try-- and when these issues come up— I'm going to try to stress them and make you try to think about the extent to which the laboratory research I'll be talking about can affect your everyday life: how you study, how you interact with people, how you might try to persuade somebody of something else, what sort of therapy works best for you.
当这些问题出现的时候,我会强调这些问题,并让你们试着思考,想想我将讲到的实验室研究,对你们日常生活的影响,你们是如何学习的,是如何与他人交流的,是如何说服他人去认同别人观点的,哪种心理治疗最适合你
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So, I mentioned at the beginning, while he was working with this radium bromide that I was very relieved to see that it did not kill him to do these experiments.
我在最开始就说了，由于他工作时接触到了溴化镭,我非常欣慰的,看到它做这些实验。
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What is it when you run a chemical reaction under ordinary circumstances, what's constant?
如果你在通常的环境下进行化学实验,那么这些条件是什么？什么保持常数？
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Okay. I think these experiments are cute and I think there's an interesting phenomenon there.
我认为这些实验很可爱,我认为存在一个有趣的现象。
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This was not a naturally occurring attenuated virus as used in smallpox, but a virus that was attenuated in the laboratory, basically by propagating it in culture and looking for mutants that were formed as you propagated this virus under different experimental conditions.
这不是在制造天花疫苗时,使用的那种天然减毒病毒,而是一种在实验室中被人工弱化的病毒,基本上是通过在细胞中培养繁殖后,从这些培养出来的病毒中挑选出,不同实验环境下的变异体
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And the group experiment suggests that the extent to which these moral feelings operate are partially determined by the groups to which we belong to.
群体实验表明,这些道德情感的深浅,部份取决于我们所属的群体。
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