-
So now, the enzyme is locked up with being built, and the penicillin has effectively killed the bacteria.
所以这是我第一次感受到,我想在单个原子的层面上思考这些分子,所以这时我的专业转到了化学方向。
-
I certainly didn't understand how they even connected really to chemical reactions, much less other disciplines that I was interested in.
它们这么重要,我并不理解这些分子是什么，我也不知道它们。
-
q1 So let me just rewrite that as, I just want to divide by q1 everywhere.
分子分母同时除以，现在我写的这些。
-
These are molecules that exist naturally in cell membranes and are activated by certain enzymes and kinases generated by receptors.
这些分子存在于细胞膜表面,能被受体激活的某种酶或激酶所活化
-
All of these multiatomic moieties are nonpolar.
这些分子由多原子组成，但都是非极性的。
-
We heard yesterday here at pond in Prinston, that the Parkistani government would like us to target other people, people who are leading the Taliban troops against their government rather than the people we want targeting who was leading the fighting in Afghnastan.
昨天我在普林斯顿的一个小湖边听到有人说，巴基斯坦政府想要我们去袭击其他人，那些反对政府的塔利班分子头目,而不是我们想要针对的人,这些人领导着阿富汗的斗争。
-
So, for example, down here I wrote that it was n 2 and that it was h 2, but when I re-wrote the molecules up here, you saw that it's an h h single bond where it's a nitrogen-nitrogen triple bond.
比如，在这下面我写的是氮分子2,而这个是氢分子，但我在上面把这些分子的形式改写了，大家可以看到,这是一个氢与氢之间的单键，含一个氮与氮之间的三键。
-
And the reason we didn't do that is because we're actually going to spend much of the rest of the course relating these different properties to the properties of molecules in terms of bonding, and also in terms of chemical reactions.
我们至今没有这样做的原因是,实际上我们这门课程以后的大部分时间都将花在,如何将这些性质与分子的性质联系起来,在成键以及化学反应的方面。
-
So when you go ahead and draw these on your problem-sets or on your exams, it's a good idea to put these dashed lines in, both for you and for people reading it to see exactly where your molecular orbitals are coming from.
所以当你在做课后题,或者考试的时候要画这些图时，最好把这些虚线放进去，既方便你自己也方便别人知道,这些分子轨道是从哪里来的。
-
It does so because there are some molecules in the surface of the membrane that allow glucose to move in and out.
而这个过程的完成依赖于,膜表面存在的一些分子,这些分子能够将葡萄糖运进或者运出细胞
-
All of the molecules are called hormones, so a hormone is another name for a ligand that operates in this endocrine fashion.
这些分子都叫做激素,那么激素就是在内分泌系统中,起作用的配体的另一种叫法
-
It has to be small, and it has to be lipid soluble in order for it to pass through a cell membrane.
这些分子必须非常小,而且必须是脂溶性的,才能穿过细胞膜
-
So instead of v bar, we write p v bar minus b, equal r t.
现在考虑，这些气体分子之间。
-
Then we're going to actually use MO theory to describe bonding within these molecules, and we'll start with homonuclear diatomic molecules.
然后我们要利用MO理论,来描述这些分子内的成键，我们要讨论同核双原子分子。
-
We're going to talk more about these kinds of molecules on the surface next week.
我们下一周,会再讨论这些表面分子的内容
-
But first, I just want to remind you when we're talking about molecular orbital theory, this is treating electrons as waves, so what we're actually able to do is either constructively or destructively combine atomic orbitals to form molecular orbitals.
但首先，我要提醒你们,当我们讨论，分子轨道理论的时候，我们把电子看作是一种波,所以我们可以相长叠加,或者相消叠加这些原子轨道来组成分子轨道。
-
You know that these molecules are also linked in another way, by the phosphate bonds that connect the 3 and the 5 carbons of adjacent nucleotides.
这些分子还通过别的方式连接在一起,例如通过相邻核苷酸的3碳位和,5碳位之间的磷酸键相连
-
So, it doesn't need to bind to a receptor on the surface of the cell in order to work because the molecule can actually enter the cell directly.
所以无需与细胞表面受体相结合来起效,因为这些分子能直接进入细胞
-
What you could do then, if you could deliver these red colored molecules here is you could stop specifically the expression of this particular gene in these particular cells.
接下来你能做的是,如果你能将这些红色的分子送到这里,就能够特异地阻止,特定细胞中特定基因的表达
-
So what's going to form the backbone is this continual link, phosphate to sugar, phosphate to sugar, phosphate to sugar, all linked together to form one long, long molecule.
主链是由这样重复的连接构成的,从磷酸到戊糖,周而复始,所有这些连接起来构成一个长链分子
-
So that's the important take-away message from this slide. If we think about these different types of lights, microwave light, if it's absorbed by a molecule, is a sufficient amount of frequency and energy to get those molecules to rotate. That, of course, generates heat, so that's how your microwaves work.
重要的信息，如果我们看看,这些不同种类的光，微波,如果被分子吸收，它的频率和能量可以,使分子转动,这当然的，会产生热量,这就是你们微波炉的工作原理。
-
Those are called glucose transporters.
这些分子叫做葡萄糖转运载体
-
So for some you that are less interested in maybe the physical structure of an individual atom, now some more exciting material for you might be coming up if you like to think about how, instead, molecules behave, either within bonding, within themselves, or with other molecules, that's what we're going to be heading to in this next unit.
那么对于某些同学，你们或许不感兴趣,对于单个原子的物理结构，现在可能有令你感到兴奋的内容,要出现了，如果你更喜欢思考,分子的行为，或者是关于成键的，或者是关于它们本身的，又或者与其它分子之间的行为，这些将是我们下个单元要讲的内容。
-
So any time I draw these molecular orbitals, I do my best, and I'm not always perfect, yet trying to make this energy different exactly the same for the anti-bonding orbital being raised, versus the bonding orbital being lowered.
所以我在画这些分子轨道的时候，虽然不是很完美，但我总是尽量,让反键轨道引起的，能量升高和成键轨道。
-
So they like to be in the membrane and they're stable there and they won't come out because their structure allows them to exist in these unique spaces.
所以它们在膜里稳定存在,而且也不会脱离膜,因为这些蛋白质的结构使其能存在于,磷脂双分子层这个独特的环境中
-
By determining how many of those molecules to hold onto, how many to keep in the body, how many to release determines the internal composition with regard to that ion.
通过控制体内这些分子的水平,即体内保有多少,又排出多少,就能够保证内环境中离子组成的稳定
-
these pentose molecules, whether it's ribose or deoxyribose, the carbons are numbered the same 1', 2', 3', 4', 5', those are the five carbons that make up the pentose.
这些戊糖分子,不管是核糖还是脱氧核糖,碳都是从1'标注到5',也就是构成戊糖的5个碳原子
-
We'll see why they have to separate that in a minute, but they do that these lipid bi-layers solve that problem for them and they're self-assembled structures from these molecules called phospholipids.
我们马上会讲到为什么要把它们隔离开,脂质双层膜解决了这个问题,而这些自主装结构,就是由磷脂分子组成的
-
Because these molecules can span across the membrane from outside to inside, they're in just the right position to take messages that they receive from outside the cell and transmit them through the membrane into the cells internal apparatus, and that's what they do.
因为这些分子能穿过细胞膜,连通细胞内外,它们所在的位置非常适于接受信息,它们能将外界获得的信息,通过细胞膜传递给细胞器,这正是它们的功能
-
Something I'll also point out as you see these dashed line that tell you where the individual molecular orbitals are arising from, as you get to higher and higher atomic numbers of molecules that you're making, it makes a lot more sense to look at a diagram when you draw these dotted lines in, because they can start to get a little bit confusing.
我要指出的是，你们看这些虚线,它们告诉你,每个分子轨道的起源是什么，当你的原子数,越来越高的时候，画出这些点线,使图更容易理解，因为现在开始变得有一点混乱了。
应用推荐