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So that's a big help. And equilibrium happens when there isn't any possible change of state that would satisfy this.
这个非常方便，当所有的变化,都无法满足这个公式的时候,系统就达到了平衡。
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There is a plurality of solutions that conform to the boundary conditions, which is that the system must be bound.
这有许多解决方式,来遵守这个有界条件，那个系统必须是有界的。
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That is to say, it is not a system of signs understood as stable relationships between a concept world and a world of signifying.
也就是说，它不是一个符号系统，这个符号系统被理解为,概念世界和指示世界间的稳定的关系。
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The reason for that is because all of this is connected, so we're moving electrons everywhere in the system.
这个现象的原因是因为,它们全部都是连接起来的，所以在这个系统中,电子移动到所有地方。
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If you have the number of moles and two intensive variables, then you know everything there is to know about the system.
如果你有摩尔数,和两个强度量，你就能知道关于这个系统的一切,关于系统的平衡态的一切。
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So if you're coming from prior background, your code might work a little differently on a different system if you don't use those flags.
如果你来自一个先前的背景，如果你们没有使用这个版本标志的话，在一个不同的系统中,你的代码可能运行地不太一样。
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That means it was something I didn't understand. So I'm going to be cautious and systematic.
这就意味着代码中有一些,我没有理解的东西，因此我需要谨慎,并且系统化的去寻找这个错误。
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You're taking advantage of a promoter system, or a gene activation system, that this species knows about because adult animals can make milk.
我们之所以能利用这个启动子系统,或者称之为可以被这一物种识别的,基因活化系统,是因为成年动物可以泌乳
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Well, the thought, I suppose is, in philosopher's jargon, that the computer is a deterministic system.
对于这个观点,我认为,以哲学的语言可以表达为,电脑是个决定论的系统
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If people start demanding payment on their notes then they will destroy the system.
如果人们开始要求纸币价值的兑现,他们将摧毁这个系统。
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They take this makeshift communication system developed by adults and, again, they turn it into a full-blown language, suggesting that to some extent it's part of our human nature to create languages.
他们继承了成人发展出来的临时交流系统,将这个临时交流系统,再次发展成一种成熟的语言,这表明从某种程度上来说,创造语言是我们人类本性的一部分
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It says finally it came to place, according to this concocted system, and I've underlined in red, very many undiscovered members.
它说，最终它会找的位置的，根据这个调和的系统，我标了红色的下划线，有很多未被发现的成分。
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You see, the quantum condition, by putting quantization into the moangular mentum it is propagated through the entire system. Orbit dimensions are quantized.
你们看，量子条件，通过把,角动量量子化，它就能在这个系统中进行传播,同时轨道大小也被量子化。
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So is this system doing work on the surroundings or are the surroundings doing work on the system?
那么是这个系统向外界做功呢,还是外界向系统做功呢？
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And so this slide just illustrates that in a simple way, the range of different kinds of organisms that your immune system is trying to--whoops!
这个幻灯片只是简要概括了,各种不同微生物的范围,你的免疫系统正在尝试,噢
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this is perhaps the most interesting thing because it forces us to show the complexity, to see the complexity, of semiotic relationships: a red light, just to return to the Christian holiday, a red light on a Christmas tree.
现在我们讲到了一个耐人寻味论点,这个问题迫使我们要思考，符号系统之间复杂的联系：,当我们再圣诞节时看到红灯，圣诞树上的红灯。
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Banks still are vulnerable to bank runs because they still have deposits so the system is still vulnerable and therefore the Federal Reserve has a set of reserve requirements.
银行仍然对银行挤兑敏感,因为它们仍然有存款,所以这个系统还是比较脆弱的，因此,联邦储备金有一系列的法定准备金率。
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It is no longer tethered to the nucleus so there is no energy stored in the system.
它已经不再受原子核的吸引,所以这个系统中没有能量储存了。
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Once the gases are mixed, there's not going to be any further net change in the system.
一旦气体混合,这个系统就不会发生任何净的变化。
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The total energy of the system, which we are going to get from postulate number four, which says the energy of the electron, which is the energy of the system, is the sum of the kinetic and the potential energy.
这个系统的总能量，也就是我们将从第四个假设中算出的能量，也就是电子运动产生的能量，也就是整个系统的能量，是动能和位能的总和。
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Then you can do all sorts of predictive stuff with that system.
然后你就可以对这个系统,做出各种各样的预言。
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This notation gives you everything you need to know about the system.
这种记号可以提供给你,关于这个系统的所有你需要知道的信息。
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How would I model this system?
在这个系统中如何构造模型呢？
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The system will help you find it.
这个系统会帮助你们找到它。
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We'll come back to this in our example in the cardiovascular system when we're talking about the heart and we'll talk about how to measure the collective group of action potentials using EKG's.
这个我们回头再谈,等到我们在心血管系统的例子中,说到心脏时再说,我们会谈到如何通过,心电图测量群体动作电位
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Once we've made some generalizations about language in this narrow sense, we could then ask, and we will ask, to what extent do other systems such as animal communication systems relate to this narrower definition.
一旦我们在狭义上,得出了某些关于语言的概论,那我们就可以发问,诸如动物交流系统之类的其他系统,会在多大程度上,符合这个狭隘的定义呢
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That was the system.
那就是这个系统。
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So we'd really like to be able to find some sort of equation of state, or some sort of rather function of state that's going to relate the heat going in or out of the system with that function of state, because this isn't going to do it.
所以我们真的想要去,找到一些态方程或者态函数,通过这个态函数可以表示热量,在系统与外界的交换,因为这个不能表示它。
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So let me just return once again to the way in which sign systems are intelligible because lots of- there are going to be lots of moments in a course like this in which what we seem to be saying is that, "Oh, we can't know anything," or "We don't know what we know," or "How do we know what we know?"
现在让我们回到,怎样理解符号系统的话题上-,这个学期你们会有很多时候觉得,天哪，我们什么也认识不了“,或者，哎，我们其实并不了解我们以为理解的事“
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Remember, because that 1 s orbital is all the way down in terms of if we're thinking about an energy diagram, we're all the way down here, so we have a huge amount of energy we have to put into the system in order to eject an electron.
还记得吧，因为1，s，轨道在能量示意图里,是在最底部的，我们要一直到最下面，所以我们要向这个系统注入非常大的能量,才能打出一个电子。
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