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When we have an isolated system, the criterion that determineswhether something happens spontaneously is the entropy has to increase.
对于孤立系统,决定一个过程是否自发发生的判据为：,熵必须增加。
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OK, clearly we'd be much better off if we had some systematic quantitative way to tell whether something would happen spontaneously.
好，如果我们有一些系统定量的方法来判断,一个过程是否会自发进行,那就会更好了。
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It would be so easy if you built a cohesive system that carries the entire transaction to create a receipt that is useful.
如果你建立一个,能覆盖整个交易过程,能产生有效的收据的系统,一切都会变得更容易。
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But part of the process of being systematic is not assuming that I'm going to get a lucky guess. But not even thinking really hard at this point. But just pruning the search space.
但是系统化的过程是不允许,假设我做出了,一个幸运的猜测的,而是逐步缩小搜索空间。
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What happens when that recognition takes place is that your immune system gets activated, and the activation that happens usually involves two things.
当识别进行时会发生什么呢,那时免疫系统会激活,免疫系统的激活通常包含两个过程
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So if there's any systematic bias going on in the way these things get graded it'll smooth itself out across the teaching fellows, so we'll have a fair grading system and things.
所以,如果在评分过程中,有任何系统性误差,都会由助教们尽量纠正过来,这样就有了公平的评分系统
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When I flail my arms around I generate work and heat. This is not a constant volume process.
这不是一个恒容过程,但如果我是一个系统，当我做这些的时候。
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Because if it's irreversible, it's very likely that I don't know what the pressure inside the system is doing while this is happening.
因为对不可逆过程，系统内部的压强,没有明确的定义,气体不处于平衡态。
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So w, the work is less for the irreversible process than the reversible process.
不可逆过程中系统对外界,做的功要比可逆过程时小。
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So in fact what happens inside of an object-oriented system, and particularly in init Python's object-oriented system, is the following.
面向对象系统的内部,尤其是在Python的面向，对象系统的内部的过程,就是如下的，当我们调用，它会去创建一个实例。
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There's no change in them, and then we also looked at some at non-state functions, work and heat, and saw that those aren't zero going around a cycle. Of course you can do work in a cyclic process, and heat can be exchanged with the environment at the same time.
它们不会有变化，然后我们研究了,一些非态函数，功和热量，并看到,沿着循环行进一周的话,它们并不是零，当然你可以在,一个循环过程中做功，而同时热量可以在系统,与外界环境之间进行交换。
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It's the way, for example, that foreign molecules or antigens get presented to cells of your immune system in order to start the process of making an immune response, so sometimes a cell/cell interaction.
通过这种方式,外源分子,或者说抗原,进入到免疫系统的细胞中后,就会开启免疫反应过程,有时候就是细胞之间的相互作用
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And the cycle it's going to undertake is called a Carnot cycle, and it works the following way: we're going to do pressure volume work.
它的循环过程,叫做卡诺循环，过程如下：,这是个压强体积系统。
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Wirr Minus w irreversible, this is the work which is done to the environment by the system, -Wrev minus w irreversible is always smaller than minus w reversible.
一点提示，不可逆过程中系统,对外界做的功，总是小于,之前我们。
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We know in an adiabatic expansion the system's going to cool.
我们知道在绝热膨胀过程中,系统温度会降低。
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So now let's try looking at something V2 where are V1 goes to V2.
现在我们考察一个过程,这个过程中系统的体积从V1变到。
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