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The pasting back together occurs partly naturally by this process of hybridization, but hybridization only re-establishes the base pairing.
片段和载体的重新粘合一定程度上,是通过杂交自然发生的,但杂交只能重建碱基配对
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Then we're going to take the newly formed vectors that now are recombinant, they're combined from at least two different sources.
然后就能得到这些重组的新载体,它们至少有两个不同的组成来源
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This is the pulsating vehicle for his precious theology of free will and for his politics of liberty.
这是他宝贵的自由意志神学观点和,推崇自由的政治主张的充满活力的载体。
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It's great for doing things with vectors and matrices and things that are easily captured in that framework.
它用于在矩阵、载体和很容易,从框架中获得的事情中做事情很棒。
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Yeats seems to be reversing this trick in "The Fisherman," seems to be converting myth back into reality the ideal object of desire from a glimmering girl back into a trout.
叶芝好像在渔夫一诗里,颠倒了这一转变“,好象是把神话转回现实,欲望的理想载体从,若隐若现的姑娘变成了鳟鱼。
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And if you're working with your friend, you can tell him or her whatever you're thinking and it's not going to offend him or her and they'll probably comprehend it similarly to how you imagined it in languages that really are a perfect idea of transmission vehicle.
如果你跟朋友一起工作，可以把所思所想都说出来,而不会冒犯他,朋友会以类似的方式,去理解你想象中的事物,语言并不是完美的,思想传导载体。
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That way you could deliver a small number of vectors and they could amplify into a large number of vectors.
这样你只需向细胞中转入少量载体,就能得到大量的拷贝
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The sources are: one,the plasmid vector that we've picked, and the second is these genes that for some reason we're interested in.
第一个是我们选择的质粒载体,第二个是我们感兴趣的基因
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Because of this people have sought other kinds of viruses to use as vectors and one that's commonly used is an adenovirus.
正因为如此,人们找到了其它病毒来,作为载体,常见的有,腺病毒
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So you know everywhere on this picture you could write down exactly what the sequence of nucleotides are that make up this vector.
所以你能准确的知晓,组成图上这个载体的任何一处的核酸序列
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If you can genetically engineer viruses like this and viruses have all those good properties as gene therapy vehicles that I described.
如果你能像我说的这样在遗传上改造病毒,加之病毒具备诸多优点,适合作为基因治疗的载体
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But if you're trying to use that virus as a gene delivery vector and your body gets rid of it then the therapy has failed, it's ended.
但如果你想把腺病毒作为基因治疗载体,而你的身体清除这种病毒,治疗就失败了,前功尽弃了
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The second issue is that the gene vector, in this case the plasmid, has to be compatible with the cells that you're trying to express the gene in.
接下来的问题是如何选择合适的基因载体,在这里用到的,质粒,必须与要用来表达基因的,受体细胞匹配
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To get genes and gene transfer vectors into cells is a problem.
把基因和基因转移载体导入细胞很成问题
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We've talked about one class of molecules, they're transporters that move molecules from inside to outside, or outside to in, that wouldn't ordinarily be transported through a cell membrane.
我们已经讲过一类这样的分子,它们是能够将分子从胞内运至胞外的载体,或者从胞外运至胞内,这个过程不是简单地穿过细胞膜
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It could be that that signal is 'you need more glucose', and so the cellular response is to create more glucose transporters to bring more glucose into the cell.
这信号还可能是,"需要更多葡萄糖",细胞的反馈就是,产生更多的葡萄糖载体,将更多的糖分子输送进细胞
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This vector is going to allow us to do this.
这个载体会使我们达到此目的
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Those two examples I just gave you, one had to directly inject a gene containing vector into the pronucleus of a fertilized egg and you don't have that opportunity in adults.
在我刚给出的两个例子里,一个必须得将带有目的基因的载体,直接注射到受精卵的原核中,这在成年人身上行不通
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Well, there are problems with viruses as well.
因为,病毒载体也有一些问题
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That's another advantage of using viruses as a gene therapy vector.
这是病毒,作为基因疗法载体的另一个优势
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That is also an advantage of using them as gene therapy vehicles because they will only infect cells that they are - that they have an affinity for or that they're prone to affect.
非常有利于将其,作为基因治疗的载体使用,因为它们只能感染那些--,它们对之具有亲和性,或者说它们倾向于去感染的细胞
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Then we're going to take these plasmid vectors and we're going to somehow put them in contact with cells in such a way that the cells ingest the DNA and they use it.
然后要使这些质粒载体,以一种特别的方式与细胞接触,让细胞吞入质粒载体并使之表达
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Eventually what happens is that glucose transport molecules which are expressed and stored inside the cell get shuttled up to the surface, so the cells permeability to glucose goes up and more glucose can come in.
最终的结果是那些已经表达,并储存于细胞中的能够运输糖的载体分子,穿梭到细胞表面,这样细胞对糖的透过性提高,更多糖分子进入到细胞内部
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Those are called glucose transporters.
这些分子叫做葡萄糖转运载体
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This might be a plasmid.
载体可以是质粒
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You could do the same thing in mammals and here's one quick example of that, using a different kind of a vector, but inserting a gene into the fertilized egg of a mammal, in this case, a sheep.
你也能在哺乳动物上做到同样的效果,这里有另一个简短的例子,用了另一种载体,把一段基因注入哺乳动物的受精卵中,在这里我们用了绵羊
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Insulin, the ligand binds to its receptor, creates a change through a kinase activity that's exposed, which leads to other biochemical changes, which leads to a change in cell behavior - in this case the cell behavior is that more glucose transporters are brought to the membrane and more glucose can enter the cell.
胰岛素,一种能够与受体结合的配体,通过其暴露出的激酶活性引起的变化,导致了其它后续生化变化的发生,进而使细胞行为发生改变,这个例子中的细胞行为就是,更多的糖载体被带到细胞膜表面,这样更多的糖分子进入到细胞内部
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Plasmids turn out to be one of the most powerful and simplest examples of a vector, what's called a vector for delivering DNA into a cell.
质粒被证实是最强大,且最简单的载体形式之一,载体负责将DNA转入细胞
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There are other vectors that are very efficient at getting DNA into cells.
但是存在某些其它载体,能易如反掌地将DNA导入细胞
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Let's assume that we have this plasmid cloning vector and we have some pieces of DNA that we would like to put into a plasmid that we would like to make copies of.
假设我们已经有了克隆质粒载体,也有了我们想要将之,整合到质粒上的某些DNA片段,同时也是我们所要复制的DNA片段
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