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Again, these plasmids occur naturally in nature; they were discovered particularly in micro-organisms have plasmids that confer biological properties onto them.
此外,质粒存在于自然界中,质粒是在微生物中发现的,它们也赋予了微生物一些生物学特性
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That there are other molecules in the lipid bilayer and they're important for cells getting information or getting molecules from outside.
还有一些其它分子在这个脂质双分子层上,它们对于细胞接收信息,和接受外来分子十分重要
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When we discuss clinical psychology and depression we'll learn the extent to which neurotransmitter disorders are implicated in certain disorders like depression.
等我们探讨临床心理学以及抑郁症的时候,就会知道神经递质代谢障碍,对抑郁症这样的心理障碍的影响程度了
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The glue, the key to identity across time for cars, is being the same hunk of stuff.
粘质，作为贯穿时间的车,其质的关键，就是要保持原来的这一大块。
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They sit deep within our brain and are enclosed by a dense bone.
这种细胞由骨密质包裹着,位于大脑的内部。
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Get a gene, put it in a plasmid, get that plasmid expressed in a host, could even be a bacterial host,right?
把一个基因导入一个质粒,让质粒在宿主中表达,这个宿主甚至可以是细菌,对吧
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Well, I talked about the problem of using plasmids in gene therapy, that it's very difficult to get them into cells.
我们之前讨论过,基因治疗中运用质粒的问题,质粒本身极难进入细胞
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One of the things about these plasmids that makes them very useful is that their entire base pair sequences is known.
质粒之所以有用,其中一个原因就是,它的全部碱基序列都是已知的
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There are two sorts of ways you could fiddle with neurotransmitters, and correspondingly two sorts of drugs.
你可以通过两种方式来控制神经递质,相应地,也就有两种对应的药物
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It has to have an origin of replication, which we talked about last time, which is compatible with the cells.
所以质粒必须带有复制起点,我们上次讲过,该起点要与受体细胞匹配
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Or you could ask the question, I have this restriction enzyme, at what regions on this plasmid will it cut?
你也可以这样问,我的这种限制性内切酶,会从质粒的哪个区域切开呢
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Because if it was a neurotransmitter activated ion channel, what would happen when the neurotransmitter bound here?
因为假如这是一个,神经递质激活的离子通道,当神经递质结合于此的时候,会发生些什么呢
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I've already mentioned many times that the lipid bilayer, the cell membrane, isn't just a lipid bilayer.
我已经讲过很多遍这个脂质双分子层了,细胞膜它不只是一个脂质双分子层
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Now how do you find those colonies on a plate that have the plasmid that you want?
那我们如何辨别培养基上的哪些菌落,有我们需要的质粒呢
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Then, there are antagonists that slow down the amount of neurotransmitters, either because they destroy neurotransmitters or they make it hard to create more.
另一种是抑制剂,抑制剂会抑制神经递质的释放量,有可能是通过破坏神经递质而实现,也可能是通过抑制神经递质的生成而实现
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In particular, they increase the amount of norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter that's responsible for just general arousal.
具体来说,安非他命会引起,去甲肾上腺素释放量的增加,去甲肾上腺素,是种负责一般性唤醒的神经递质
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Once we get clear about what the relevant metaphysical glue is, we'll be in a position to start asking: Could this happen or not?
一旦我们知道了,形而上粘质是什么，我们就会问：,这会发生吗？
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The first step in the process is to take our plasmid which we've selected, and to insert the gene that we want into it.
这个过程的第一步,是取得我们选择的质粒,把我们需要的基因插入到里面
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Because nutrition is going to be one of the big problems of your generation; how to have enough nutritious food for the population as it grows.
因为营养,对你们这一代人是个大问题,怎样才能确保食物的质和量,能够满足日益增长人口的需求
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Or in some cases they go to the dendrite of the neuron and they kind of put a paste over it so that the neurotransmitters can't connect.
有时这些药物会渗透到神经元的树突,这些药物就像是在树突上涂了一层涂料,使得神经递质无法将树突与轴突相连
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Many neurotransmitters that carry signals between neurons in your brain work this way.
在脑部神经元细胞中,传递信号的神经递质分子的,作用原理就是如此
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It might be a plasmid that contains a promoter that works in lung cells and that has the cystic fibrosis gene.
这个质粒带有,可以在肺细胞表达的启动子和正常基因
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It's very water soluble and it's a big molecule, a very big molecule; it can't naturally get inside cells on its own.
它是一个水溶性极强的大分子,非常非常大的分子,质粒在自然状态下并不能自己进入细胞
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But in general, for each neurotransmitter that released it there would only be one population of receptors that's ready to receive it.
但总体说,每一种在此释放的神经递质,只能被一类受体接受
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The sources are: one,the plasmid vector that we've picked, and the second is these genes that for some reason we're interested in.
第一个是我们选择的质粒载体,第二个是我们感兴趣的基因
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I mentioned a little bit that this membrane is not just lipid bilayer but there's also proteins that are inserted into the membrane.
我之前说过,这层膜不仅仅是一层脂质双分子层,而是有很多蛋白质嵌插在膜上的
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If we injected it into a muscle let's say, and your muscle cells took up this plasmid.
比如说,如果我们将其注射入肌肉内,则肌肉细胞就可以吸收这些质粒
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If a cell membrane was indeed just a lipid bilayer, then glucose could never enter the cell because it can't permeate through cell membranes.
如果细胞膜只是一个脂质双分子层的话,葡萄糖就不可能进入细胞,因为它不能渗透过细胞膜
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So, this is called the extracellular region or domain, this is the trans-membrane region or domain, and this is the cytoplasmic region or domain.
因此,这部分叫做胞外区,中间这部分叫做跨膜区,内部这一段叫做胞质区
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Now the plasmid started to do its thing, which is replicate and the gene gets transcribed.
那么质粒就可以开始进行复制,基因得以转录
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