To give a text an Author is to impose a limit on that text, to furnish it with a final signified, to close the writing.

在创作的时候，作者会给文章加上个限制，他最后会给出一个象征意义来结束写作。

耶鲁公开课 - 文学理论导论课程节选

When you start describing the significance of a symbol like the tunnel, which recurs in the book, you immediately begin to limit it, and a symbol should go on deepening.

当你开始描述一个象征的意义,比如说在书中，反复出现的隧道，当你一开始予以限制，这个象征就会继续深化。

耶鲁公开课 - 1945年后的美国小说课程节选

He permits a real character like Satan to interact with a merely allegorical or symbolic character like Sin. The effect for Johnson - and who can say that this is -- that Johnson is wrong?

他允许一个真实的角色如撒旦与仅仅是寓言中才出现的,或只具备象征的意义的人物如罪恶之神互动,谁又能说约翰逊是错的呢？

耶鲁公开课 - 弥尔顿课程节选

But we do know from living cultures that people do engage in all kinds of ritual and symbolic actions because of genuine beliefs about the importance of those actions, because those rituals and symbols are extraordinarily meaningful to them.

但是我们可以在还活着的文化中知道些什么,它们蕴含在人们做的各种宗教仪式和有象征意义的行为中,因为人们诚恳地相信这些行为的重要性，因为这些仪式和象征对他们来说意义重大。

耶鲁公开课 - 旧约导论课程节选

Dreams had symbolism.

梦具有象征意义。

耶鲁公开课 - 心理学导论课程节选

Now, of course, O'Connor was very good at imbuing her writing with repeated symbols that grow and accrue meaning across the text.

当然，奥康纳非常善于,使文章充满那些贯穿全文,且意义不断积累、,不断强化的象征。

耶鲁公开课 - 1945年后的美国小说课程节选

It's very hard not to see it as a symbol. What kind of symbol is it?

我们很难不去思考它的标志意义，那么，它究竟象征着什么呢？

耶鲁公开课 - 1945年后的美国小说课程节选

These are spelled out in Leviticus 18 and Leviticus 20, those two chapters. Besides defiling the sinner, moral impurity symbolically defiles various sancta, especially the sanctuary, but also God's name and also the Holy Land itself.

这些都在《利未记》十八章和二十章里讲清楚了，除了玷污人使人变得有罪，道德上的不洁从象征意义上玷污了各层圣所，尤其是最外面那层圣所，同时也玷污了上帝的名字,和“圣地“这个名字。

耶鲁公开课 - 旧约导论课程节选

That's why she produced story after story after story that can be read in these formal ways with these symbols that accrue meaning and deepen and change over the course of the novel or the story.

这就是为什么她写了一个又一个故事,有着象征意义的形式正式的文章，自然而然地形成某种意义,深刻并改变着小说或故事的发展。

耶鲁公开课 - 1945年后的美国小说课程节选

So Collins suggests that the poem in Exodus 15 is celebrating and preserving a historical memory of an escape from or a defeat of Pharaoh and that the drowning image is used metaphorically as it is elsewhere in Hebrew poetry to describe the Egyptians' humiliation and defeat.

所以Collins，指出在《出埃及记》15中的诗中,是对逃脱或者打败法老统治的这一历史性时刻的庆祝,溺水这一画面被赋予象征意义，就像犹太诗中,经常出现描写埃及人被打败被侮辱的场景一样。

耶鲁公开课 - 旧约导论课程节选