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Cummings actually boldly experimented with this principle and he attracted the attention of the linguists, particularly a linguist named Dell Hymes.
对此，卡明斯做了一个大胆的试验,吸引了语言学家的注意，特别是德尔海默斯。
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This then is the object of Saussure's attention as a linguist and as a semiotician.
这就是索绪尔所注意到的,作为一个符号学家兼语言学家。
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And human language uses this amazing trick described by Ferdinand de Saussure, the great linguist, as "The arbitrariness of the sign."
人类语言使用这些,被语言学家费迪南德·德·索绪尔,称之为"符号任意性"的神奇把戏
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Higgins The idea here is how Higgins, doctor, linguist, took a flower girl and molded her in the sense into being royalty.
说的是，一位博士，语言学家，如何把一个卖花女塑造成贵族。
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In fact, linguists often argue about this subject, and it's a complicated one.
实际上，语言学家经常在这个问题上有争议，这是很复杂的一个东西。
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That we share not just the capacity for language in the way a linguist might assert, but that we share a certain common moral language.
我们不只共享语言能力,如同语言学家所主张，更共享,一种特定的共同道德语言。
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Some linguists would interview --Linguists would interview adults in these communities and say, "Why don't you speak to your babies?"
语言学家们会访问,住在这些社会中的成人,然后问道,"你为什么不和你的宝宝说话"
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Just imagine a philologist being confronted with the idea that the meaning of words at a certain historical moment isn't the only thing that matters in understanding the meaning of a poem.
想象一下，一个语言学家看到一个理论指出,一个字在特定历史阶段的语义,不是影响诗歌意思理解的,唯一因素。
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And linguists have all of these conditions they say, "No language in the world works this way."
而语言学家们知道这些条件,他们会说"世界上没有语言会这样表达"
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And most linguists would argue "Yes," that languages are highly constrained in how they do things.
大多数语言学家们都会回答"是的",语言在很大程度上依赖于语法规则的使用
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It's not--It's actually close to how linguists describe normal languages, but it's very simple.
这个例子和语言学家所描述的,正常语言非常接近,但却很简单
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Linguists can work at different levels of abstraction with language.
根据不同层面的基本单位，语言学家有不同的研究。
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The linguists know that that's not at all necessarily the case.
语言学家认为语言的基本单位不一定是词。
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And then the American linguist would say, "Yeah. We speak to our dogs."
然后这些美国的语言学家会说,"是啊,我们会和我们的狗说话"
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I'm a linguist and so what do I do?
如果我是语言学家？
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And that's the sort of thing linguists study.
这就是语言学家们所研究的内容
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Well, there's a radical claim about the origin of language associated with the guy who we met when we talked about behaviorism who wrote A Review of Verbal Behavior, the linguist Noam Chomsky.
关于语言的起源,语言学家诺姆·乔姆斯基,提出了一个激进的观点,我们曾在讲述行为主义时提到过,他写过篇叫《述评》的论文
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And this is what linguists do for a living so if you hear me talking about this and say, "I want to spend the next forty years of my life studying that," you should become a linguist.
这就是语言学家们研究的问题,如果你听了我的讲解然后说,"我想用我的余生来研究这些东西",那你该去做一个语言学家
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