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De Broglie, 1924, in his PhD thesis says if an electron has wavelike properties this would be its wavelength.
德布罗意，1924年在他的博士毕业论文中说到,如果一个电子有类似波的性质,这就是它的波长。
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So I was reading Media, and I have to write an essay about it. So that's what I was doing.
我在读与媒介有关的内容，需要写一篇有关的论文。那是我之前在做的。
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Derrida, I think, freely acknowledges in this essay the degree to which he is standing on Levi-Strauss's shoulders.
在我看来，德里达在这篇论文中，声明了,自己在何种程度上借鉴了列维的观点。
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Now the Church of England establishment always countered these puritan treatises in attack of their position.
现在英国的教会当局,总是在清教徒的立场上对他们的论文进行反击。
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There's a term paper which i'll talk more about as the weeks go on that's also worth 30% of the grade.
随着课程的进行我会在讲到学期论文,这也占成绩的百分之三十
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Here he is in his paper and says at that time I decided that it was advantageous to find a more general system of the elements and here is my attempt.
他在论文中说，当时,我觉得发现更多,的元素的通用系统是很有用的,这就是我的计划。
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And, in the final development of your paper, making sure that those two can relate to one another.
还有，在你们论文的最后发展，保证,那两点之间是相互联系的。
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Now I take it the dissertation can be read without knowing that, and the science is fine.
我认为我们在读他的论文是,在不知道他信仰时，他研究的科学并无不妥。
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Stephen Jay Gould has a wonderful essay where he discussed this, looking at the evolution of Mickey Mouse from the Walt Disney character.
史蒂芬·杰·古尔德,在一篇很棒的论文中讨论，从沃尔特，迪斯尼公司米老鼠角色,看进化论。
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So many of you will start off the semester writing that kind of paper.
你们中很多人在学期初会把论文写成那样。
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You'll do a lot of work in your sections, very much related to your response papers that many student claim the most important part of the class.
你们要在你们的分组里做大量，和你的课后论文相关的工作,许多学生说这是本课程最重要的一部分。
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I am now writing a paper with two other people.
我现在就在和另外两个人一起写论文
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Also today, one of the teaching fellows will be sending out a sample concept sheet, although you may have already seen it from the website, but in addition to that, a series of instructions.
会有一位助教给大家发一篇论文模板,可能你们都在网站上看过了,不过除此之外,还有几项说明
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But what I really have to teach is not going to be based on what you might read in textbook or a great work of technical film studies, you gonna write paper about that, but what to do to get most of the meanings you have to read these books.
但我真正想教授的,并不基于你们可能在教材读到的东西,也不基于很多技术性的电影研究,你们将对此写论文，但是你们必须读这些书,才能更好的理解书中的内容。
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And then here, the exams and papers are hard, I guess. but I guess harder for international students
在这里，考试和论文都难，我觉得。但是我觉得对国际学生来说更难，
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A To make an A paper in my class, A to make an A on a paper, not only does the paper have to have the right answers and fulfill the assignment, it has to be written elegantly and excellently.
在我的课上要拿，论文得，不仅内容回答要正确,符合要求，而且必须文笔优美。
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So, we can think about what would happen if we're on his thesis defense, we're on his thesis committee, we would need to think of some pretty mean, hard, nasty questions that's what happens when you defend your thesis.
所以，我们可以设想一下,如果我们在他的论文答辩会上,担任论文委员会的成员，那么会发生些什么，我们会想一些非常严厉的,冷酷无情的，险恶的问题,那也是你们在论文答辩时,会遇到的情况。
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Monday evening will be the time at which the midterm exam will be posted on the website, and that'll be at 6:00 pm Monday evening. You'll have a 24-hour period of time in which to find--I forget what I said--30 or 40 minutes? It'll be clear on the instructions. To just sit and treat it as if you're in an in-class exam situation, and write your essay.
周一晚上期中考试的内容会,粘贴到网站上，应该是晚上六点,你可以在一天之内抽出30到40分钟完成考试0,这在说明上都写明了,就把它当作课堂考试对待，写一篇短论文。
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I was writing an essay because we also have to take Humanities classes, not just technical classes.
我在写一篇论文，因为我们也要上人文课程，不光是技术课程。
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There is a self-consciousness in the thinking about structure that we find in many places in Levi-Strauss that Derrida freely acknowledges in his essay.
在列维的作品中,我们能找到多处对结构认识的自觉,德里达在自己的论文中也承认了这种自觉的正确性。
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The vocabulary that we have to wrestle with for today's essay is taken in part from Jakobson's understanding of the relationship between metaphor and metonymy, and we will have more to say about that.
今天的论文中我们读来很费劲的词汇,一部分是从雅克布森,对暗喻和转喻的理解，我们将会在这方面讲更多。
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In this pamphlet, this prose treatise, Milton is looking back at this exuberant affection for the very idea of chastity that he had held in his youth.
在这个小册子散文论文中，弥尔顿正在回顾这个贞操观点,对年轻人产生的非凡影响。
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The second thing I want to say is less about paper writing, and more about the trajectory of this course and what we're seeing in common between these novels.
第二件我想说的事情是，不是关于写论文的，而是关于这门课的轨迹的,我们会在这些小说里看到一些共同点。
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Last week, you'll be writing your second paper and I'd rather spend time on that than doing any outside reading.
最后一周，你们会写第二篇论文,我宁愿花时间在那上面,而不愿做一些课外阅读。
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So he got his PhD thesis, and in 1929 he gets the Nobel prize.
他通过了博士论文，在1929年又获得了诺贝尔奖。
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But in any case, this is a well-known term used by Jakobson in this essay which is, like all such terms that somehow wander into other languages, difficult to translate.
但是这个,雅各布森在论文中使用的词汇出名了，并进入了其他语言，而且难以翻译。
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So the fact of the matter is many of you in your initial papers will get lower grades than you've probably ever gotten before in your life.
实际上，你们中很多人在第一篇论文上,所得的分数可能比这小半辈子得过的都低。
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For example, the teaching fellows will divide all the concept sheets in week one, and one teaching fellow will grade part of the alphabet and another will grade another part of the alphabet.
助教们在第一周将所有的论文,按字母顺序分类,一位助教评定一部分,另一位助教评定另一部分
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In fact, the first PhD degree in engineering was awarded to a fellow named J. Willard Gibbs at Yale in 1863 for a thesis he did on how gears work or something, I forget exactly what the details are, but have you heard of Gibbs?
事实上 工程学的第一个博士学位授予了,一个名叫约西亚?威拉德?吉布斯的人,在一八六三年的耶鲁,他的论文是关于传动装置是如何工作的,细节方面的东西我记不清了,你们听说过吉布斯这个人么
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Milton probably around this time, around the time that he was writing and finishing the regicide treatises, began to lose his eyesight.
或许就是在这个时候，在他写作,这关于弑君的论文的时候，弥尔顿开始丧失视力的。
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