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So, we can actually kind of visualize what we would see if we were looking at a photoelectron spectrum.
实际上,我们可以在一定程度上想象出,我们在光电子谱上可以看到什么。
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So, let's say they were expecting to see one certain frequency or one line in the spectrum at this point here.
比如说他们预计会看到某个特定的频率,或者在这里看到一个谱线。
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Anything that tells him to sense something like the user's mouse or the edge of his screen is actually purple in color; and so they're nicely colorized and all this but the one that's adventurous right now is this.
能够让计算机感知鼠标或屏幕边缘的图块,都是紫色的;,这些图块五颜六色,但这里有一个不太靠谱的按键。
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Again, in an electric field line splitting observed, the intensity of the line splitting varying with the intensity of the applied electric field.
结果也证明谱线在电场中也会分裂，而且其分裂程度,随电场强度变化而变化。
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Pagan religions contain theogonies, birth of a god, "theogony", accounts of the births of gods. Now this impersonal primordial realm, Kaufman declares, contains the seeds of all beings.
异教有神谱，神族谱系，用来记载诸神的诞生的，考夫曼认为，这个可观存在的原始领域包含了万物的本源。
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You look at identical twins, monozygotic twins who share the same genetic profile.
同卵双胞胎，他们拥有相同的基因谱。
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Poetry is not interested in expert debate at all, and it converts the big spectrum of possible degrees of accent into those two simple categories: stressed and unstressed syllables.
诗是从不在乎这样专业的争议的，它将涵盖很多不同程度的重音的音谱,简单分成两种：,重音和非重音节。
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I think it--we don't have to read the notes.
我想我们不需要读谱
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People who have seen this before, done it before, lived through it, and now you can count on them not to run away, better than you can on a fresh recruit who's never done this before.
有经验,杀过人,亲历过战争的人,往往可以靠得住,不至于临阵脱逃,从没参加过战斗的新兵蛋子一般都不怎么靠谱
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Yes, but predicting what he does versus what Clinton will do or Bush is a bit too much noise Nobody would have predicted George Bush So Bill Clinton was right, voting for Barack Obama would be a roll of the dice?
我倒是想，但是要预测他的政策,比起预测克林顿，或者布什，太不靠谱了,当时谁又会想到乔治·布什是这样的总统呢,这么说，看来比尔·克林顿没说错，他说，给奥巴马投票等于在赌运气，是吗？
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We might be asked, for example, to determine what all of the different elements could be that would produce a spectrum that gave us 5 different lines.
那么我们会问，比如，有哪些不同的元素可以产生,一个有五条分立谱线的光谱？
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Any one of these different elements could actually produce a photoelectron spectroscopy spectrum that has five distinct lines.
其中任何一种元素,都可能产生,有五条分立谱线的光电子能谱。
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And, furthermore, that the intensity of the splitting was proportional to the intensity of the applied magnetic field.
并且谱线的分裂程度,和实验中所使用的磁场强度,是成比例的。
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And, subsequently, we looked at photoelectron spectroscopy which is a technique that allows us to determine binding energies, ionization energies being just one example.
随后，我们看了光电子谱,这是一种只用一个样品,能够测量结合能，离子化能的技术。
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So, our detection devices are a little bit limited here today, we're actually only going to be using our eyes, so that means that we need to stick with the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum.
我们今天所有的探测仪器十分有限，实际上我们要用我们的眼睛来观测，这意味着我们只能看到,电磁谱中的可见光区间。
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And, sure enough, we see the splitting.
这样，我们就必然能看到谱线的分裂了。
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- So the first thing that we want to do, if we're thinking about something like this, is just to determine exactly what orbitals are causing the five different lines that we're seeing in the spectrum.
我们要做的最要紧的事，如果我们在思考这种问题的话，其实只不过是,准确地确定哪些轨道会导致,这五条分立谱线在光谱中出现。
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OK Is everyone seeing that? Yeah, pretty much. OK.
分立的各个谱线，有看到的吗？有很多。
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And hydrogen atom is what we're learning about, so that's the most relevant here. But just to show you that each atom does have its own set of spectral lines, just for fun we'll look at neon also so you can have a comparison point.
为了给你们展示下每个原子，都有自己的一套谱线,仅仅是为了好玩，我们看下氖,你们可以比较一下。
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If you look really carefully, you could find it was not a single line but two lines, and Bohr is silent on such matters.
如果你仔细观察的话，会发现这是两条谱线而非一条，对这一研究，波尔不得不沉默。
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Again, the Bohr model silent about these splitting into multiple levels.
对谱线分裂成多条这一现象,波尔又一次沉默了。
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And when we talked about that, what we found was that we could actually validate our predicted binding energies by looking at the emission spectra of the hydrogen atom, which is what we did as the demo, or we could think about the absorption spectra as well.
当我们讨论它时，我们发现,我们可以通过,观察氢原子,发射光谱，来预测，结合能，就像我们在演示实验里做的那样，或者我们也可以观察吸收谱。
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All right, so we can, in fact, observe individual lines.
好的，事实上我们可以看单个的谱线。
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So that's why we're not seeing separate lines in this spectrum.
因此，我们在光谱中看不到,分立的谱线。
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And I also want to point out, it's guaranteed pretty much you may or may not be able to see, sometimes it's hard to see that one that's getting near the UV end of our visible spectrum. So we won't worry if we can't see that.
我要指出的是，我可以保证你们,但你们可能会看不到，有时候很难看到,这个可见光谱边缘接近紫外光地方的这根谱线,所以看不到也不用担心。
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It turns out that we are far from the first people, although it felt exciting, we did not discover this for the first time here today. In fact, J.J. Balmer, JJ Balmer who was a school teacher in the 1800s, was the first to describe these lines that could be seen from hydrogen.
实际上，它第一次被发现已经是在很早之前了，虽然我们觉得很激动，但我们,并不是第一次发现这个的，事实上，一个19世纪的老师,是第一个在氢原子中发现这些谱线的人。
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In many ways you can look at most of our experiences, psychological effective experiences on a continuum, where some of them fall below the zero, the negative experiences or the painful experiences and the positive or the pleasurable experiences between the zero and the positive.
可以从多方面来看我们的经验，在心理连续谱上看有效心理经验，有时候会跌倒0以下，不愉快或痛苦的经历,积极或愉快的经历,分别在0与正值之间。
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And what you see when we see it with our eye, which is all the wavelengths, of course, mixed together, is whichever those wavelengths is most intense. So, when we looked at the individual neon lines, it was the orange colors that was most intense, which is why we were seeing kind of a general orange glow with the neon, which is different from what we see with the hydrogen.
当你们用眼睛看时，当然看到的是全波长，是混在一起来，看到的是最强的那些波长，当我们看单个氖谱线时，橙色是最强的,所以我们看氖光整体是橙色的,这和氢气是不一样的。
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So we want to look at any element that has a 3 p orbital filled, but that does not then go on and have a 4 s, because if it had the 4 s filled then we would actually see six lines in the spectrum.
所以，我们要找一找有哪些元素的,3，p，轨道被占据，但没有，4，s，轨道被占据,因为如果，4，s，轨道也被占据了,那我们会在光谱中看到第六条谱线。
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First there was the observation by Michelson who back in the late 1880s had done very precise interferal metric measurements of the hydrogen lines and had observed that the 656 nanometer line 3 associated with the transition of n equals 3 to n equals 2 was, in fact, a doublet.
首先是麦克逊,在1880年底的观察,他以公制单位对氢原子的光谱线,作了准确的，无其他因素干扰的，测量,发现当n值由3变为2时,会同时得到波长为656纳米的谱线3,实际上是有两条线。
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