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That cutting is done by special proteins called restriction enzymes.
切割是由一种特别的蛋白质完成的,称为限制性内切酶
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Enzymes work best, enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions and our bodies operate by elaborate networks of chemical reactions, When we're off from that temperature then they don't work properly.
举酶这个例子再好不过,酶是一种具有催化作用的蛋白质,人体依靠精密复杂的化学反应网络来运转,如果我们体温与之相差较大,这些酶就不能正常工作
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In this same way, this process of transcription which is occurring in cells throughout body all the time is made possible by a protein called RNA polymerase.
NA的合成也很类似,身体内每个细胞内,转录过程的进行都是在一种称作,RNA聚合酶的蛋白质催化下进行的
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It's not as simple as DNA going to RNA going to protein, because proteins need to be present in order to make these things happen as well.
基因表达不是简单的从DNA到RNA,再到蛋白质,因为整个过程需要,不同酶的催化作用
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Restriction enzymes are just a kind of enzyme, enzymes are protein molecules that make a chemical reaction go faster, and the chemical reaction that restriction enzymes do is cutting DNA.
限制性内切酶是一种酶,而酶是加速化学反应的蛋白质分子,限制性内切酶加速的化学反应,是切割DNA
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Reverse transcriptase is a naturally occurring protein, it has a biological function in HIV, but we can use it for a technical logical function here by going backwards on the biological path from messenger RNA to DNA.
反转录酶是在自然环境中存在的蛋白质,它在HIV中发挥着生物功能,但在这里它可以发挥一个技术功能,让它用信使RNA反转录出DNA
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That RNA is made into proteins, and proteins are the working molecules of the cell, they're enzymes, they're structural molecules, they're are proteins that exist in the membrane that allow things to go in and out of the cell, so really the working molecules are the cell in every sense.
这些RNA指导合成蛋白质,蛋白质是细胞生命活动的承担者,它们可以是酶,或是结构性分子,也可以存在于细胞膜上的膜蛋白,能够让一些物质通过它们进出于细胞,所以蛋白质才是真正意义上,细胞生命活动的承担者
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