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OK, this is only true for an ideal gas, and we went through that mathematically where the, with a chain rule.
这一关系只对理想气体成立，上节课我们,用链式法则推导出了这一关系。
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And what we saw last time is that this was necessary to make things work, this part of it in particular.
上节课我们讲,这是对外做功的必要条件，特别是这个部分。
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In terms of primitive data, what we saw were two kinds: Right?
在基础数据方面，我们上节课学了两种类型对不对？
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And even though he could figure out that this wasn't possible, he still used this as a starting point, and what he did know was that these energy levels that were within hydrogen atom were quantized.
这是不可能的了,但他还是以此为出发点，他知道，氢原子的这些能级,是量子化的,而且他也知道，我们上节课所看到现象。
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Last time, we argued about the case of Queen versus Dudley and Stevens, the lifeboat case, the case of cannibalism at sea.
上节课，我们讨论了,女王诉达德利和斯蒂芬斯案，即救生艇的案例，海上食人惨案。
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Now one of the moments in which this tension between virginity and chastity seems to be most pronounced is in the encounter between Comus and the Lady that we looked at in the last class.
在紧张状态中有一个时刻,涉及童贞和贞节，似乎最为明显,那就是我们上节课看到的,科玛斯和那位女士的相遇。
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I actually want to begin by going back to Freud and hitting a couple of loose ends.
我想在这节课的开始先回头讲讲弗洛依德,解决一下上节课遗留的几个问题。
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So when we ask, you remember last lecture I was talking about how to be somebody here lecturing to you, philosophy on Tuesday.
所以，你们记得上节课,我讨论过要如何给你们讲课的,上周二哲学课的时候。
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I ended with this picture that shows you a little bit about control of gene expression.
我用这幅图结束了上一节课,图上讲了一些关于基因表达调控的内容
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Okay, so once you reach 2 000 calories you don't want to put anything else in.
好的,所以你一旦摄入了2000卡路里,教授在上节课曾提到2000卡路里是正常成年人平均一天的卡路里需求量 你就不会再想吃别的东西了
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Last time we worked through this idea of the scale and how you can build triads on each of the members of the scale.
上节课我们已经讨论过音阶中的这个概念,以及你们怎样才能在音阶的各个音上组建起三和弦。
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So if you say, "Can you summerize for me in a few words the main ideas?"
如果你问,"你能简单地,为我总结一下上节课的内容吗"
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Now then, I promised you we'd get back to the game from last time.
好吧,我承诺过会讲上节课的数字游戏
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This is how I end the previous course, but it's the most appropriate place to start this one, because the Paris Commune hung over Europe for the next twenty or thirty years.
我上节课结束时就讲到这里,这十分适合作为这节课的开头,因为巴黎公社的阴霾,笼罩了欧洲接下来的二三十年
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You see, they worked with the student's teacher and they had to do a little bit of history, something about the economy, a little bit of politics, and places to visit, and to focus on a festival because the Star Festival focuses on Tanabata.
你看，他们咨询了老师,查询一些历史资料，了解相关的经济知识，一点点政治状况，和参观地点，并集中介绍一个传统节日,因为“七夕节“软件集中在日本的七夕节上。
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The other thing that I mentioned last time was that there seems to be a really big difference between the expected return on the stock market and the expected return on short-term debt.
上节课提到的另一条内容是,股票市场的预期收益,与短期债券的预期收益,存在着巨大差异
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Now, one of the points I made last week, for those of you who were here, is that one of the themes that ties European history together is the growth of the modern state, of state-making.
上节课来了的人可能记得,我谈到一个观点,现代国家的形成和民族国家的构建,是联系欧洲历史的一个主题
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OK, so that's a quick statement of what happened last time.
好，复习完了,上节课的内容。
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Last time you heard about work and heat.
上节课我们学习了功和热。
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Last time, we began to consider some objections to Jeremy Bentham's version of utilitarianism.
上节课，我们开始思考一些,对杰里米·边沁功利主义的反对观点。
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Initially, last time, we considered a set of or a subset of arguments that basically said, "Look, there's got to be more to us than just material objects.
起初,上节课上,我们探讨了一类或者说是,一小类论证,这些论证的基本观点是,我们肯定不仅仅是些物质实体
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We talked about last time that part of the process of going from this single cell to multi cellular many celled organisms like we are is cell division.
我们上节课说过,从一个单细胞分裂形成大量细胞,构成的器官的过程,叫做细胞分裂
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In particular, do we have souls, and for this class when I talk about a soul, what I'm going to mean is sort of a bit of philosophical jargon.
特别是，我们有灵魂吗，在这节课上，当我说到灵魂，我的意思是带有一些术语味道的。
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At the end of last class,I began to raise the question as to whether or not we should distinguish two questions that we would normally be inclined to run together.
在上节课的最后我提出以下问题,是否该要区别这两个,我们通常倾向于一视同仁的问题。
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And just to review a little bit what we did last time, the kind of exercise there--so I think, is this right, I think probably went a little fast last time.
先稍微复习一下上节课的内容,就是上节课中的练习,我认为,可能吧,我认为上节课讲得太快了
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But first, I want to start with the assignment I gave you last time, and I asked you all to think about these two questions and write some things down.
首先,让我们看看,上节课留的作业,我要求你们都思考,下面这两个问题并写下感想
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That's really the heart of what I did last time.
这些就是上节课的主要内容
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Just to review, here's where we left off.
回顾一下，我们上节课就讲到这里。
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And we mentioned some examples last time.
上节课我们列举了几个例子
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Now, remember we talked about these last time, voltage-gated channels are channels that would allow the passage of sodium, in this case, but they can exist in two states, a closed state and an open state.
还记得我们上节课讨论过的吧,电压门控通道是,一种可以容许钠离子通过的通道,在这一例子中 电压门控通道有两种状态,关闭状态和开放状态
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