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I want to spend some time on that until we talk about-- before we talk about development of the polio vaccine.
我想多花些时间讨论这个问题,在我们讨论,在我们讨论脊髓灰质炎疫苗的发展之前
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If we looked in 1950, this is the incidence of paralytic, or the worst form of poliomyelitis in the U.S.
让我们回首一九五零年,这表示的是在美国因脊髓灰质炎,所致瘫痪的发生率
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If you just introduced this polio virus, which you could make in large quantities into people now, you would be causing polio.
如果你直接接种脊髓灰质炎病毒,将大量的病毒直接接种到人体,就会引起小儿麻痹症
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So, polio--the disease caused by polio can be a paralytic disease, crippling, and in some cases can lead to death if the disease progresses in certain ways.
小儿麻痹症便是由脊髓灰质炎病毒引起的,如果脊髓灰质炎发展到一定程度,患者不仅会瘫痪或者残疾,一些病例甚至可能死亡
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A group of scientists, mainly in Boston found, importantly, that they could cultivate the polio virus, the disease causing polio virus; they could cultivate it in cell culture.
在波士顿有一队科学家有了重大发现,他们可以培养脊髓灰质炎病毒,也是就引发小儿麻痹症的病毒,他们可以通过细胞培养来孵育这种病毒
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Because it's passed by-- can be passed by an oral route it's a disease that's very effectively transmitted in school settings where children are together, or childcare settings.
因为脊髓灰质炎病毒可以,经口传染途径进行传播,因此它是一种,极易在学校传播的疾病,在这些地方孩子们都聚集在一起
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So, it was something that parents before 1950 were very concerned about.
所以,在一九五零年之前,脊髓灰质炎是父母们十分担心的一种疾病
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Let's talk about the polio virus vaccine, keeping those things in mind.
以脊髓灰质炎病毒疫苗为例,你们要记住这些知识点
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In particular, we're going to focus in the beginning, on polio virus, which is another great success story, but where a very different approach to vaccine development was used.
特别地,在开始我们会关注脊髓灰质炎病毒,那是又一个成功的故事,但又与发现疫苗的过程不尽相同
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We want to talk about that same concept today in terms of polio, which is a vaccine that is both made and manufactured in a different way than the smallpox vaccine.
今天我们以小儿麻痹症为例继续讨论疫苗,脊髓灰质炎疫苗的研制与,大规模生产方式同天花疫苗截然不同
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So, you would grow these monkey kidney cells in culture, you would add some virus to the culture broth, the cells would become infected, the virus would go through its life cycle.
我们在培养基中培养这些猴肾细胞,然偶加入一些脊髓灰质炎病毒,这样细胞就会被感染,病毒开始不断繁殖
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If a case of polio emerged in the community, the chances that it could spread to other children or to your child were high; so, great interest in this in the early part of this century.
如果在某个社区出现一例脊髓灰质炎患儿,那么你的孩子或者更多别的孩子,被传染的几率非常高,所以 二十世纪初的科学家们,热衷于研究脊髓灰质炎
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Polio was--is a crippling disease.
脊髓灰质炎是一种致残性疾病
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The Salk Vaccine is also called the Killed Polio Vaccine, and some people call it KPV, also sometimes called Inactivated Polio Vaccine, IPV, but this is the vaccine I just talked about produced by Salk.
索尔克氏疫苗也叫灭活脊髓灰质炎疫苗,有人将其简称为KPV 有时也被称作,失活脊髓灰质炎疫苗,简称IPV,这个疫苗由索尔克研发,刚才讲过他
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