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A pancreas--cell in the pancreas, for example, needs to make insulin and so the gene for insulin is transcribed.
举个例子,一个胰腺细胞,要分泌胰岛素,那么编码胰岛素蛋白的基因就会被转录
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So you made somehow an anti-sense polynucleotide to the insulin gene or some fraction of the insulin gene.
这样你就合成了,胰岛素基因的反义多聚核苷酸链,或者说胰岛素基因的片段
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What if you injected the gene for insulin into their muscle so that their muscle cells in one particular location started making insulin?
如果你把胰岛素基因注入到患者的肌肉中,使某个部位的肌肉,可以分泌胰岛素
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They put a gene like the insulin gene in place of the milk protein, but behind the promoter that is used to produce milk proteins.
人们将产羊奶蛋白的基因,换成了胰岛素基因,在启动子后面的基因,原本是编码羊奶蛋白的
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That means the gene that encodes insulin, the sequence of base pairs that encode insulin.
这意味着基因编码了胰岛素,碱基序列编码了胰岛素
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Say we've got a human gene that we want to make and let's say it's the human gene for insulin that we want to produce now.
假设我们想合成出一个人类的基因,假设现在我们想合成的,是人类的胰岛素基因
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I could cut that up into fragments, and I could search in these fragments to try to find the one that has the insulin gene on it.
我把那部分切成碎片,然后从中找到有胰岛素基因的那一段
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All the cells in your body have the gene for insulin in them.
所有人体细胞都有胰岛素基因
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To make insulin, for example, your cells of your pancreas have to be transcribing that gene, it has to be processed, has to be translated into the protein insulin.
举例来说,如果要合成胰岛素,你的胰腺细胞必须先转录那一段基因,然后进行加工,继而翻译成为胰岛素蛋白
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A gene, let's say it's the gene for insulin.
这段基因,就假设是,编码胰岛素的基因吧
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I'll talk about what that means, encoding insulin means in a minute, but there's a gene that tells your body what insulin looks like and that gets transcribed but only in those cells that make insulin.
一会儿,我将会讨论基因编码胰岛素的意义,所有细胞都含有相同的胰岛素基因,它决定胰岛素的结构以及如何被转录,但是只有胰腺细胞才能产生胰岛素
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Here's an example where we'd like to make insulin, or having the insulin gene would be useful, but if we could take the insulin gene and make many copies of the insulin protein that would be a very useful thing.
例子就是我们人工制造胰岛素,胰岛素基因就很有用,但如果我们可以用胰岛素基因,复制很多胰岛素蛋白,这将会是非常有裨益的一件事
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If I want to clone a gene from a human, if I want to clone the gene for human isulin, mean make many copies of the gene that's responsible for making insulin, I need to know whether there are introns there or not.
如果我想要从一个人类个体克隆基因,如果我想要克隆人类胰岛素基因,亦即我要把负责生成胰岛素的基因,复制许多个副本,我就得要知道哪些是内含子,哪些不是
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It gets converted into a protein, insulin, only in those cells that are able to make the RNA that are able to express the protein.
只有在能表达,胰岛素蛋白RNA的细胞里,基因才能指导产生胰岛素
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In this case, it says it's GCSF, but it could also be insulin, for example.
在这个例子中,目标蛋白基因被称为GCSF,但它也可以是,例如胰岛素基因
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Now when we put insulin in this place behind the right promoter, the cell thinks that it still has the lacZ gene present which it needs for its metabolism.
现在我们把胰岛素基因,放在正确的启动子后面,宿主细胞就会认为,它仍然有新陈代谢所需的lacZ基因
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One way I could try to find the gene for human insulin is to take any cells from any of us, skin cells let's say, and I could identify where on the chromosomal DNA that insulin is likely to occur.
我能找到胰岛素基因的一个方法,是从任意一个人身上任意取一些细胞,比如说皮肤细胞,并且我知道胰岛素基因,可能出现在染色体DNA的哪一部分
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Plus,if you're looking for insulin, if you're looking for the gene for insulin you're going to cells that are making it already, they have abundant messenger RNA so it's much easier to separate out and identify the gene that you're interested in.
再者,如果你在找胰岛素,如果你在找胰岛素基因,你要到,正在制造胰岛素的细胞里找,里面有丰富的mRNA,所以更容易分离,并识别出你感兴趣的基因
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A section of DNA that is responsible for encoding a gene, let's say it's the insulin gene for example, might be some stretch of DNA on a certain chromosome inside your cells, inside the cells of the pancreas.
一段编码蛋白的DNA序列,我们就拿编码胰岛素的基因来举个例子,它也许是一段DNA基因序列,位于你胰腺细胞里的,某条染色体上
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