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So, she is interested in how this molecule, gemcitabine, inhibits an enzyme. So, to do those studies, she needs to know a lot of the stuff on this list.
她对这个分子，二氟脱氧胞嘧啶核苷怎么抑制酶很感兴趣，要做这些研究。
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They might ingest extracellular antigen, presented pieces of it on their cell surface in the context of MHC-2.
它们可以吞噬胞外抗原,根据细胞表面的,主要组织相容性抗原-2
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The cell body sums it up and you could view it arithmetically.
胞体将刺激信号总和起来,你可以从数学的角度来看待它
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You get cystic fibrosis because one protein that's made by your lung epithelium is not expressed properly.
得囊胞性纤维症的病因是,肺上皮细胞产生的一种蛋白,表达不正常
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That's how tight the junctions are, not even a small molecule like glucose can pass between them.
可见胞间连接多么紧密,甚至像葡萄糖这样小的分子也不能通过
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So, this is called the extracellular region or domain, this is the trans-membrane region or domain, and this is the cytoplasmic region or domain.
因此,这部分叫做胞外区,中间这部分叫做跨膜区,内部这一段叫做胞质区
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Cells of the epithelium are actually "welded" to one another through these junctions called tight junctions.
上皮细胞通过称为紧密连接的胞间连接,"焊接"在一起
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Cystic fibrosis is a disease that affects many organ systems, but particularly the lung.
囊胞性纤维症可导致多个器官病变,但尤其是肺部
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Different amount of metabolic activity because one has a greater volume of cytoplasm than the other, for example, so these are exactly the right kinds of ideas.
大小不同,代谢活动的总量就会不同,可能因为一个细胞的胞质比另一个体积大,以上这些观点都是非常正确的
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They're small molecules, they're lipid soluble, they can go from extracellular to intracellular.
它们是小分子,并且是脂溶性的,它们能从胞外进入胞内
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We've talked about one class of molecules, they're transporters that move molecules from inside to outside, or outside to in, that wouldn't ordinarily be transported through a cell membrane.
我们已经讲过一类这样的分子,它们是能够将分子从胞内运至胞外的载体,或者从胞外运至胞内,这个过程不是简单地穿过细胞膜
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Because of this, because cystic fibrosis is a disease that's caused by a single gene defect, there's been great interest in trying to treat cystic fibrosis with gene therapy.
就是因为如此,就因为囊胞性纤维症,是一种单基因病,人们对于用基因治疗,治愈囊胞性纤维症产生了很大的兴趣
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Another example is cystic fibrosis.
另一例是囊胞性纤维症
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The cell is a fertilized egg, so you take a fertilized egg and you directly inject plasma DNA into the pronucleus, into one of the pronucleus--pronuclei.
供试细胞是受精卵,当你获得一枚受精卵,可以直接将胞质DNA注射到,它的一个原核中
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