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But this decentralized federalist structure is part of who they thought they were and who they continue to think they are.
这种联邦制分权的政治架构,是他们对自己现在及将来身份的认知
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Sure. So the federal government has not taken a lot of action right now.
当然有。联邦政府现在采取的措施并不多。
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If the Fed wants to push the Federal Funds Rate up and down it goes and buys short-term government bonds.
如果联邦希望推动,联邦资金利率上升下降,它将会去买短期的政府债券。
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But when they apply for federal funds for social programs, we expect them to run their programs according to the Constitutional principle.
担当它们申请获得联邦基金施行其社会项目时，我们期望它们根据,宪法的原则推行那些项目。
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This is in the earliest years of the commonwealth government.
这是在联邦政府刚成立不久的几年间。
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But yet Muscovy was considerably less important than the commonwealth of Poland-Lithuania, which was considerably much greater and subject to struggles with and influence by that state.
但俄国的影响力仍远不及,波兰-立陶宛联邦,后者远远比俄国强大,但却受制于两国的争端所照成的影响
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Does Hobbes' emphasis on the preservation of life as the supreme moral value, does this turn his mighty Leviathan into ? a kind of commonwealth of cowards?
霍布斯重视保护生命,把生命视为最高道德价值，这不是使强大的利维坦,变成了一个懦夫的联邦吗？
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Those who profess to love the Union are not so anxious to preserve slavery, while those who are opposed to the war acknowledge in all their actions that its continuance will put an end to this accursed system.
那些宣称热爱联邦的人,并不急着想保存奴隶制,同时那些反战的人,他们以行动昭告天下,战争会持续到这种被人唾骂的制度结束
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I would recite, whatever, the Articles of Confederation I would rise on my hind legs, quaking in my boots, and I would begin until I made a mistake, whereupon I would be castigated, berated, totally stripped of self-esteem by this monster who would that inflict the same pain on somebody else.
我会背，比如说，联邦条例,我会抬起我的后腿，它在靴子里颤抖，然后开始背，直到犯错，于是，我就会被批评严惩，自尊完全被这个怪物践踏了,他对其他人也会如此加注痛苦。
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Or, if you think of Berlin, you think of Germany, a unified Germany or in the Federal Republic before German unification, Berlin was terribly important.
或者,想想柏林,想想德国的情况,无论在统一的德国还是统一前的联邦德国,柏林都是一个十分重要的城市
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Herbert Hoover as president understands as president that something terrible has happened, but fundamentally the policies in place are as those of ```and every president before, small federal government, and we see signs that the market began to correct itself.
赫伯特，胡佛作为总统,明白，作为总统,糟糕的事情发生了，但根本上政策,是和之前总统，小型联邦政府，我们看见迹象,市场开始自我修正。
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They've been cutting the spread between the discount rate and the Federal Funds Rate again it's an effort to stimulate the economy.
他们一直在缩减,贴现率与,联邦资金利率之间的宽度,同样它又是刺激经济的努力。
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TAF The Term Auction Facility or TAF was created by the Federal Reserve under Bernanke on December 12th.
货币短期拍卖-或者说,是于十二月十二日,由伯南克领导的联邦储备银行发明的。
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Because people are going to be getting federal money to do some sort of do-good organizations, feeding the poor, something like that, some sort of helping with social services from a religious framework.
因为人们将会得到联邦资金,成立一些做善事的组织，比如为穷人提供食物，协助从事社会事业,这些都在宗教框架之下。
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When a community seeks federal funds for separate programs like After-school Programs, Sports Programs, homely shelters, those federal funds should be used in accordance with Constitutional principles and federal law.
当一个团体寻求为其各个项目获得联邦基金时,比如课后项目，体育项目，家庭庇护所，那些联邦基金的使用应该符合,宪法的原则和联邦法律。
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The 1907 banking crisis then led finally to the creation of the system that we have now the Federal Reserve System.
907年的银行业危机最终导致,我们现有的系统的建立,联邦储备金系统。
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Milton participated with extraordinary enthusiasm and considerable zeal in the establishment of England's new, non-monarchic government, initially a commonwealth and then what we can think of as a republic.
弥尔顿带着极大的热情,参与了组建英国的非君主制新政府的过程，这一政府起先是联邦制,后来可认为是共和制。
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You take total household debt and total federal debt and combine them, and you got a kind of national indebtedness 168% that's about 168 percent of GDP.
将美国所有家庭债务总额,加上联邦政府债务总额，得出整个美国的债务状况,整个债务量竟是GDP的。
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Insurance now, in the United States, is regulated not by the federal government but by insurance regulators in each of the fifty states.
如今,美国的保险业,并不是由联邦政府直接监管,而是由各个州的监管机构监管
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What I want to do is talk about what the Fed in this country is doing and what other central banks are doing.
我想谈论一下,这个国家的联邦政府正在做什么,并且其它的中央银行正在做什么。
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Well, the Fed is like that now, but what Paulson and Nason wanted to do is make it more than a banker's bank.
联邦政府现在就像英国银行一样，但是鲍尔森和内森想做的,远远不止中央银行那么点。
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The Federal Funds Rate is the rate that banks borrow and lend to each other overnight.
联邦资金利率是,一夜间银行之间借进与借出的比率。
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The Federal Reserve System was a gold standard institution like the Bank of England.
当时的联邦储备系统是一个,像英格兰银行一样的金本位制度的机构。
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That's a very dispersed system but it still works because member banks keep deposits at the Federal Reserve Banks and they're required to keep these deposits.
这是一个非常分散的系统,但是它还是能起到很好的作用因为会员银行,在联邦储备银行里付保证金,并且它们被要求付这些保证金。
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Moreover they can also borrow from the Federal Reserve Banks when they're in trouble and need money and that's supposed to help prevent banking crises.
更多的是，当它们陷入困境,需要钱时可以,从联邦储备银行那里借钱,这样可以帮助阻止银行业危机的产生。
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We've centralized the note issue in the United States starting in 1913 with the Federal Reserve Board so your notes that you see are called Federal Reserve Notes.
我们在1913年通过联邦储备金监察小组,集中了美国发行的钞票,所以你看到的钞票,叫做联邦储备券。
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The reserve requirement now is 10% 10% on demand deposits so they're forced to keep those reserves and much of that is in the form of deposits at the Federal Reserve Banks.
现在的法定准备金率%,在活期存款上是,所以它们被强迫持有这些准备金,并且一大部分是在联邦储备银行,存着的。
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In fact, you have to put that qualifier on just about anything you say in finance because the tax system is infinitely complex and every country has different taxes, different states have different taxes.
事实上你必须进行改进,不管你是在谈论哪个金融学问题,因为税制太复杂了,每个国家的税制不同,每个联邦州的税制不同
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They were worried that if the discount rate is fifty basis points below the Federal Funds Rate then it's going to hit zero and that would be embarrassing; so they moved it.
他们担忧的是,如果贴现率比,联邦资金利率低五十个基本点,那么它将会接近零点,并且那将会很尴尬；所以他们改变了它。
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Look how--this is as of earlier this year; the Federal Funds Rate was at around 4% and it has this huge drop in the term structure and then it starts the upward-sloping.
这是今年早些时候的图形,当时联邦利率徘徊在4%,但期限结构,在此处急转直下之后又开始掉头向上
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