Rather than thinking of a teacher necessarily, one can think of an individual acts more like a mentor or coach in certain settings.

不必要一定要有个老师，你可以想成一个人在某个领域,作为指导者或是教练。

麻省理工公开课 - 媒体、教育、市场课程节选

Ironically, the instructor doesn't really want just quotation on an exam.

讽刺的是,老师并不是想要你在试卷上引用原文。

耶鲁公开课 - 文学理论导论课程节选

Here is one case. We have job searches and sometimes job-- senior job searches involve the faculty sitting in--around in a room and tossing out names and we use these names as a basis for further discussion.

举个例子，我们要找合适的人填补空缺,有时候要填被一个高级职位,就需要全体老师坐在会议室里,例举一个个人选,这些人选会留待进一步讨论。

耶鲁公开课 - 心理学导论课程节选

You prove to your teacher that you understand the authors by being able to put their meaning in other words -in other words, to say the author is intending to say something, not just that the text says something and this is what it says, with your exam then being one long screed of quotation.

你们用自己的话写出文章的含义,以此向老师证明你们理解作者的意图,换句话说，要告诉老师作者想表达什么，而不仅仅是文本说的什么内容，然后在试卷上来一大段,冗长的引用。

耶鲁公开课 - 文学理论导论课程节选