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So the Romans were only concerned about religions when it looked like those religions were going to cause political problems.
所以罗马人只有在宗教会引起政治问题时,才会插手干涉。
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Of course, the Romans didn't care then how much I charged you, the people of Corinth in its area.
当然，罗马人并不在乎我收了，科林斯人民多少税。
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However, when you keep going south in Italy, past Rome, Roman tradition says the city was founded in 754 or 753? 753.
然而,当你在意大利继续南下,越过古罗马城,罗马人一直认为罗马城,建于公元前754或753,应是753年
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This, in turn, spawned other philosophical schools throughout the Greek world and later, the Roman world.
这后来启发了其它哲思学院,在希腊世界的广泛设立,随后并传入罗马人的世界。
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Think back to the case of the Romans in the Colosseum.
回顾斗兽场里罗马人的案例。
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And that explains the succession of rulers that have held the region: the Egyptians, the Amorites, the Israelites, the Assyrians, the Babylonians, the Persians, the Greeks, the Greek Ptolemies, the Seleucids, the Romans, and the list continues as we go on into the medieval and the modern periods.
这也解释了众多的统治者占领这一地区的原因：,埃及人，亚摩利人，以色列人，亚述人，巴比伦人，波斯人，希腊人，希腊的托勒密人，塞琉西人，罗马人，这个列表可以继续下去,如果我们考察中世纪和现代时期。
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So the local Egyptians resented the Jews, because the Jews were recognized as their own ethnicity and given some privileges.
所以当地埃及人仇视犹太人，因为犹太人被罗马人认同,还享有特权。
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It was written in the second century sometime by a guy in Rome named Hermas,and it's called The Shepherd.
它成书于主后第二世纪左右,作者为一个叫黑马的罗马人，它被称为牧人书。
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Or sometimes the Romans liked to take a big theater and fill the central part of the theater, the cavea, with water and then stage naval battles and that kind of thing.
有时候罗马人也喜欢利用大剧院,在大剧院的中心和兽笼，注满水，上演大海战之类的。
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So the Romans didn't try to make the East Roman, in that sense, culturally, nor did they try to change the language.
所以罗马人没有强迫东方罗马化，文化上没有，语言上也没有。
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But there's one thing that the Romans made even more of, than the Greeks had made of, and this is the patron-client structure.
但有一样东西罗马人比希腊人，做得更极致，即庇护关系。
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The Romans maintained peace, for one thing, by leaving local populations pretty much alone when it came to local customs, religions, and living arrangements.
首先，为了维护和平，罗马人没有过多干涉当地居民,对于当地风俗，宗教，居住安排，给予极大自由。
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He would prefer to go by sea, if possible, because it's much quicker, but at least he could travel on the roads that the Romans built and maintained.
可能到话，他更喜欢走海路，因为那样更快，不过至少他能走,罗马人修建保养的路了。
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So, in the period we're talking about there are no Romans that you have to worry about.
所以我们所谈的,是处于没有罗马人的时期
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So Romans didn't go around trying to get people in the East to speak Latin.
罗马人没有让东方人学拉丁语。
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This is also important though for Roman politics, because if you're if a freedman, - or even if you're a free person-- sometimes see freemen would connect themselves to a powerful Roman who was higher status than them, because they could use him for important things.
同时对罗马政治也很重要，因为即使是自由人，甚至是自由民-,有时候也会依附有权有势,地位高于他们的罗马人，以谋求他们的帮助。
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If they started looking like insurrection would happen, the Romans didn't do it.
如果叛乱要发生了，罗马人不会坐视不理。
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So the Romans, for example, outlawed volunteer fire departments, in local places, because they were afraid that volunteer fire departments could be a place where locals, especially maybe lower-class locals, could get together and then start gossiping about what they could do to cause trouble for the Romans.
所以罗马人会，比如，会驱逐当地志愿消防部门，因为他们担心志愿消防部门,会成为当地人，尤其是下层阶级集会的场所，在那谋划如何,给罗马人制造麻烦。
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So this is the same way with the Romans.
罗马人也是这样。
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Religion had to bring a softening effect upon against the violent and bestial character of the early Romans. But for us today, Machiavelli writes, religion has to serve the opposite purpose.
宗教必须带来一种缓和效应，用以针对,早期罗马人的野蛮残忍的性格,但是对于今天的我们来说，马基雅维利写道，宗教不得不为相反的目的服务。
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But look at the collective ecstasy of the Romans!
但看看罗马人共同的心醉神迷啊！
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The Romans, when they came on the scene, in the East, and they gradually became more and more powerful, they destroyed Corinth in a big battle in 144 BCE.
罗马人在东方登场时，变得愈来愈强大，公元前144年他们在一场大战中摧毁了科林斯。
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But these were not problems brought on by the Romans, these were local problems, and part of it was precisely because the Jews had been recognized by the Romans as having a special status in some places, and this caused some kind of local resentment.
但这些问题都不是罗马人引起的，都是当地问题，部分原因是犹太人被罗马人认可,在某些地方拥有特殊地位，引起了当地人的仇视。
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And the hippodrome, which becomes the circus in Latin-- that's just the Latin translation of hippodrome, because as you'll see, Romans started adopting a lot of these, which were originally Greek institutions, into their society also.
后来赛马场到了拉丁语里变成了马戏表演场-,那是拉丁语对赛马场的翻译，你们以后会学到，罗马人采纳了很多，原本希腊式的制度，融入了他们的社会。
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The Romans maintained peace to a great extent by keeping the poor poor.
罗马人通过使穷人更贫穷，来稳固和平。
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And eventually, for the Romans, this would be very popular for big chariot races.
后来罗马人，非常热衷马车竞赛。
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So the Romans were in charge of Judea from 63 BCE on.
所以罗马人自公元前63年开始统治朱迪亚。
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But they didn't-- the Romans themselves didn't want to be bothered with collecting taxes.
但罗马人自己懒得负责收税。
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So the Romans would honor local gods, other people's gods.
所以罗马人很尊重各地神祇，其他民族的神。
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