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It refers instead, to the concrete, collective, communal salvation from national suffering and oppression, particularly in the form of foreign rule or enslavement.
相反，它指的是很具体的，集体的，社会的拯救,把一个国家从苦难和压迫中解救出来，尤其是那些在外族统治者奴役下的。
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The true ruler is the person who both acts on his own interest and of course knows what those interests are.
真正的统治者,仅干对自身有利的事,而且知道有哪些利益对他有好处。
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None of these noblemen, none of these kings, none of these heroes is back home in his own town ruling it.
没有哪一个贵族,国王或是英雄,会甘愿呆在自己的家乡当统治者
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But this was the image, that the big person is there to protect you, and that his glory is your glory.
但是,当时的想法是统治者是会保护你的,他的荣耀也是你的荣耀
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So Judah, the Southern Kingdom, is a tribute-paying vassal state to the Assyrian overlord. And of course there's a great deal of Assyrian cultural influence and religious influence in Judah as a result.
那么犹大，南部王国，是纳贡者-向亚述统治者,上交贡赋理所应当的，他们受到了许多亚述,文化和宗教影响。
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It requires that governors, those representatives of those people have to be candid to the people.
这就需要统治者们,人民的代表们,对人民坦诚相见。
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But there's extra, again, insult to injury, when the person's got to remember that he used to be something extraordinary, a ruler.
但当这人不得不记着，他曾经位高权重，是统治者的时候,这又一次，是在伤口上撒盐。
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If the taxation is by the consent of the governed, it's not coerced. It's legitimate.
如果税收是由统治者一致决定的话，那就不是强制，就是合法的。
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What they cared about-- because the Roman Republic by this time was basically a bunch of very important households, wealthy men and their households, and they were the members of the Senate, they were the knight class, they were the people who ran Rome.
他们在乎的是。。。因为当时的罗马共和国,实际上就是一群举足轻重的家户，富有男子及其家户所组成，他们是元老院成员，是骑士阶级，罗马的统治者。
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He's also described as the protector of patriarchs, patriarchal figures, "a God of the father of the clan," it says in the text.
他也被描述成族长们和统治者们的保护神，“氏族之父的上帝“，文中说。
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The best example is when Julius Caesar has made himself master of Rome, but he's still behaving as though the republic exists.
于此最好的例子是,当尤利乌斯·恺撒成为罗马的统治者时,他仍然表现得仿佛共和体制仍存在似的
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There are some who believe that slavery is natural, because ruling and being ruled is a pervasive distinction " that one sees all societies practice."
有些人相信,奴役是自然的演变，因为统治者与被统治者,有着普遍的区别,一方要看顾着整个社会的运作“
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One thing absolute monarchs don't want is they don't want impediments to their personal rule.
绝对统治者厌恶的一点,就是妨碍他们个人专制的绊脚石
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But in absolute states, there's no doubt who rules and who helps rule.
但是,在绝对主义的国家里,谁是统治者谁是帮手,这是不容置疑的
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Aristotle raises the question a very important question whether the rule of law is to be referred to the rule of the best the best individual.
亚里士多德提出了问题,一个很重要的问题,法治是否应与最优统治者,最优的个体产生连结。
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So, I already mentioned about how nobles become junior partners in absolutism.
我前面提到过,贵族是如何臣服在统治者的绝对权威之下
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You have some kind of a lord, I mean a king, for lack of a better name, a monarch who fundamentally rules and everybody is subject to him.
你会想到领主,也就是国王,我想不出更好的说法了,统治者制定规则,一切都要臣服于他
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It is the product, the creation of the people or of what we might call, in Jeffersonian language, it is the product of the consent of the governed.
我们可以说它是人民权力的产物,但若用杰斐逊的话讲，我们也可以说它是，统治者们互相默许下的产物。
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So taxation by consent of the governed is not coercive.
经统治者同意的税收就不是强制的。
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Again, if you just thought about life as a ruler, well pretty good thinking about it in isolation.
再一次，如果你只考虑了统治者的生活，非常好地单独考虑。
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So like the eastern states, you have a powerful ruler who is a warlord.
就像东方国家一样,有一个热爱战争的强权统治者
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So, between 1650 and 1750, and this is right out of what you're reading, the rulers of continental Europe, of the biggest states extended their power.
所以从1650年到1750年这段时期,这正好与你们阅读的内容一致,欧陆上,统治者们扩张了他们的势力
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But there's a theoretical framework, and it will catch up with the French monarchs, among others, later-- that the ruler must be a father, a benevolent figure.
不过,有一种理论框架,使法国的君主终自食恶果,这种理论认为统治者必是父亲一样善良的人
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Some scholars refer to Deuteronomy as a kind of counter treaty, if you will, right? A subversive document that's trying to shift the people's loyalty from the Assyrian overlord to God, the true sovereign, and it's part of a national movement.
有些学者把申命记看做是一份对应的条约，如果你会这样的话，是吗？一份颠覆性的条约，试图将人们的忠诚,从亚述帝王那里引向上帝，真正的统治者，并且这是一次全国性行动的一部分。
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So, that makes it clear we're talking about a wealthy civilization, at least in which the rulers are wealthy, and in which the rulers, of course, are very powerful.
以上正说明了我们所讨论的是一个富有的文明,至少它的统治者很富有,当然,也很强大
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They established a dynasty of Semitic rulers.
他们建立了闪族统治者掌管的王朝。
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There really can't be a challenge to them from the state itself.
绝对统治者不会允许在国内,有任何对于他们权威的挑战
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So, they would be alien bosses in a different territory.
他们成为了外来的统治者
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Louis XIV was preceded in number by Louis XIII.
路易十四之前的统治者是路易十三
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In the case of Nimes, N-I-M-E-S, which was largely a Protestant town, they knocked down the wall so the Protestants of Nimes could not defend themselves against this all-conquering Catholic monarch.
以尼姆为例,那儿曾经是一座新教徒的城市,但统治者们拆毁了围墙,所以新教徒们再也无法对抗,所向无敌的天主教统治者了
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