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These are churches of almost every imaginable stripe, and they're springing up and, from a mainstream perspective, they're quickly eroding the authority of the Church of England.
几乎每寸可以想到的土地上都有教堂，从主流角度来说，他们迅速成长，他们很快就侵蚀了英国的教会统治。
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So, what happens with municipal privileges, towns that had municipal privileges, these are eroded and then virtually eliminated by powerful potentates.
地方特权怎么样了,拥有地方特权的城镇又发生了什么,绝对统治者削弱并最终废除了地方特权
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They destroy these helpless but stoic humans who are chafing under their tyrannical and unjust and uncaring rule. In the biblical story, when the Israelites told the story, they modified it.
他们把那些在他们残暴，不公平统治下,无助又愤愤不平的人,全部消灭了，当犹太人来讲这个故事时，他们对此做了修改。
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Well, some examples, later on in history there's a quarrel between Athens and Megara as to who controls the island of Salamis.
好,再举几个例子,后来雅典和麦加拉间,就谁统治萨拉弥斯岛的问题起了争端
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Again, if you just thought about life as a ruler, well pretty good thinking about it in isolation.
再一次，如果你只考虑了统治者的生活，非常好地单独考虑。
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They formed the rank and file of the republican armies in England against the rule of the king.
在反抗国王统治的战争中,正是他们,组成了这支共和军。
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It also makes the anti-nationalist, the English or pro-English or unionist, case.
它也为反民族主义者说了话，即那些支持联合统治的人。
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After the long sway of Theocritus' and Virgil's pastorals, ; of course Christianity entered the scene,a new dispensation; and Christianity began to load this pastoral literary tradition with its own set of associations.
在维吉尔等两人对田园诗的长久统治之后，基督教义作为新的统治思想兴起了;,并且开始以它自身的一套体系,附在田园诗的文学传统之上。
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And,so,you've got these processes in the nineteenth century, economic processes that you find all over Europe that consolidate the power of the French State, centralized in Paris.
你了解到了,十九世纪的发展历程,经济发展历程,巩固了法国以巴黎为核心的,中央集权统治
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So, behaviorism as a dominant intellectual field has faded, but it still leaves behind an important legacy and it still stands as one of the major contributions of twentieth century psychology.
虽然行为主义的统治地位已经不复存在，但它仍留给了我们许多重要的遗产,行为主义也仍然是,二十世纪心理学发展的主要贡献之一。
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Greek language, culture, and religions, different religions and the syncretism, - Greek education, the polis structure-- all of these things remained in the East throughout the Roman rule of the East, all the way up until the time you had a Christian emperor with Constantine, and later.
希腊语，文化，宗教，不同宗教，融合，希腊教育，希腊城市结构-,这些在罗马统治东方时,都保留了下来，直到出现了,信仰基督教的帝王君士坦丁一世及其他。
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So Judah, the Southern Kingdom, is a tribute-paying vassal state to the Assyrian overlord. And of course there's a great deal of Assyrian cultural influence and religious influence in Judah as a result.
那么犹大，南部王国，是纳贡者-向亚述统治者,上交贡赋理所应当的，他们受到了许多亚述,文化和宗教影响。
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That Joseph, a Semitic foreigner, could be elevated to an important post, the post of governor, is a little less surprising, if we suppose there was a Semitic regime.
约瑟夫，外来闪族，可能被提拨到高位，统治者的位置，这也就不那么令人惊奇了，如果我们假设当时有一个闪族王国。
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King Goll is a mythical Irish ruler who goes mad in the heat of battle.
郭尔王是传说中的爱尔兰统治者,他在战斗激烈时发疯了。
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His mother and her allies among the Boyars, that is the nobles, overthrew the regents in 1689.
他母亲及其波雅尔中的同僚,也就是当时的贵族,于1689年推翻了摄政王的统治
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So, between 1650 and 1750, and this is right out of what you're reading, the rulers of continental Europe, of the biggest states extended their power.
所以从1650年到1750年这段时期,这正好与你们阅读的内容一致,欧陆上,统治者们扩张了他们的势力
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The Russian empire, the state of Muscovy had already expanded greatly, but it's really Peter the Great, it's the big guy who expanded Russia, its territorial size enormously.
沙俄帝国在此之前已有大幅扩张,但是,是彼得大帝,是这个大家伙扩张了俄国领土,他统治下的沙俄幅员辽阔
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So, they would be alien bosses in a different territory.
他们成为了外来的统治者
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And secondly, that the head of each state would have the right to determine the religion of the state, again thus putting an end to the claims of a single universalist church.
第二，每个国家的首脑,都有权决定,国家的宗教，因此终结了,由一种宗教统治全国的局面。
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He says the pagan idea, and I quote, "does not approach Israelite monotheism as it diminishes the number of its gods. The Israelite conception of God's unity entails His sovereign transcendence over all." That's the real issue.
考夫曼认为，异教思想，“即使缩小了神的数量，也和以色列的一神论不同,以色列中上帝的概念还包含了他对世间万物,至高无上的统治，“这是一个实际问题。
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And he makes state centralization even more important.
他加强了中央集权的统治
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He creates committees of advisors that, in many ways, are not that different than the kinds of ministries that would evolve in western absolute rulers-- absolute states, and in non-absolute states as well.
彼得大帝建立了顾问委员会,在很多方面,这都和西方绝对统治者的内阁相差无几,无论是绝对主义国家还是非绝对主义国家
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They established a dynasty of Semitic rulers.
他们建立了闪族统治者掌管的王朝。
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And that explains the succession of rulers that have held the region: the Egyptians, the Amorites, the Israelites, the Assyrians, the Babylonians, the Persians, the Greeks, the Greek Ptolemies, the Seleucids, the Romans, and the list continues as we go on into the medieval and the modern periods.
这也解释了众多的统治者占领这一地区的原因：,埃及人，亚摩利人，以色列人，亚述人，巴比伦人，波斯人，希腊人，希腊的托勒密人，塞琉西人，罗马人，这个列表可以继续下去,如果我们考察中世纪和现代时期。
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The Netherlands also resisted absolutism, and the Dutch Republic remained the Dutch Republic; although, for reasons that we'll see later, the Dutch Republic ceases to be a great power in the 18th century.
荷兰抵制绝对统治的政体,保留了共合制,然而,后面我们将说到,荷兰共和国在十八世纪没落了
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When these tyrannies take place, they last for different periods of time, but when the tyrant is removed, what follows after that is, there is never again in that town a one-man rule of any kind.
当僭主统治步入历史舞台,它走过了很多历史时期,但当它寿终正寝之后,在那座城邦里再也没有出现过,任何形式的独裁者了
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We have the compelling, official authority of the new state licenser, and Milton pits that external state of power against the powers of reason and against the powers of conscience that, of course, were seen to govern human action from within -- an internalized authority.
我们有新政府的出版控制者的强迫的官方统治，弥尔顿陷入了外在的政府权力和推理的力量,以及良心的力量的对立，当然，被认为是从内化的统治约束人类行动。
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You have the young storm god, Marduk, who defeats Tiamat, the watery ferocious deep monster, and does so by blasting a wind into her and so establishes his claim to rule, instead of the old sky god, Anu.
年轻的暴风之神Marduk，凭借一阵狂风，打败了Tiamat-在深水凶猛的怪物,他取代了天空之神Anu，建立了自己的统治。
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An omnipresent bureaucracy with its detailed and all encompassing records gives the clearest picture of the power exercised by the centralized monarchs of the Mycenaean Age."
一个无处不在的官僚体制,所留下详尽细致,无所不包的记录,清晰地描绘了,迈锡尼时期中央集权统治的实行"
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