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We're going to explore in the days and weeks to come the contrast between consequentialist and categorical moral principles.
我们将用以后的几天到几周时间来探讨,后果主义与绝对主义道德原则的差别。
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Categorical moral reasoning locates morality in certain absolute moral requirements, certain categorical duties and rights, regardless of the consequences.
绝对主义道德推理认为,是否道德取决于特定的绝对道德准则，取决于绝对明确的义务与权利，而不管后果如何。
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We believe that that ethos we call religious pluralism actually is absolutely key to peace in the world.
我们相信我们称作宗教多元主义的社会风气,绝对是世界和平的关键。
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This will be important to try and understand the French revolution, La Revolution francaise, that there's a difference between absolutism and despotism.
这个观点对于尝试理解法国大革命很重要,绝对主义和专制主义是有区别的
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It scoffs at the vanity of all things, including wisdom, and espouses a kind of positive existentialism.
它嘲笑一切事物的虚华，包括智慧，信封绝对的实存主义。
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Bourgeois and burghers, as I said last time, are urban residents who are losing their privileges on the continent to big-time absolute states.
中产阶级和市民,正如我上次所讲的,这些城市居民是那些在欧洲大陆,被绝对主义国家剥夺权利的人
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There is nothing more symptomatic of the growth of absolute rule than the growth of powerful armies.
没有什么比日益扩充的强大军队,更能代表绝对主义了
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It's just to make clear, with some emphasis, about the importance of the development of absolute rule.
这节课将重点地阐述,绝对主义发展的重要性
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There is a return to these kinds of theoretical defences of absolutism that even preceded the growth of the absolute state as I've described it.
有一点需注意,对于绝对主义的理论辩护,甚至早于绝对主义国家的兴起,之前我已经描述过这个过程
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They agree to be junior partners of absolute rule and they weren't the only ones.
贵族们同意支持绝对主义以分得利益,但他们也不是绝对主义唯一的支持者
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Wednesday I'm going to talk about exceptions to absolutism, what the Dutch and what the English had in common that gave them very different political outcomes.
下节课我们将会谈到绝对主义的一些特例,荷兰和英国有何共同之处,以及它们产生的迥异的政治结果
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Even the development of this theory of absolute rule is in response to the rise of these territorial states like Spain, and France, and Russia later.
绝对主义理论的发展,是与领土国的兴起相呼应,像西班牙,法国,以及后来的俄国
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Secondly, as I tried to suggest the other day, these places resist absolutism.
其次,正如我曾讲过的,这些地方反对绝对主义
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So this points to a second categorical way of thinking about moral reasoning.
这表明有第二种绝对主义方式的道德推理。
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Again, the only point here is that they see themselves as anti-absolutists.
回到主题上来,现在唯一的关键点就在于,英国人把自己当做反绝对主义份子
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But there were doctrines of absolutism that originated with jurists early.
绝对主义的学说起源于早期的法学家的理论
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He tries not only to copy European absolutism, but to open up Russia to commerce, realizing that trade meant wealth and that wealth meant improvements in the lives of the Russian people.
他不仅试图仿效欧洲的绝对主义,也开放了俄国的商业贸易,他意识到贸易意味着财富,而财富则等同于俄国民众生活水平的提高
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So we contrasted consequentialist moral principles with categorical ones.
从而对比了后果主义与绝对主义道德原则之间的差别。
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But in absolute states, there's no doubt who rules and who helps rule.
但是,在绝对主义的国家里,谁是统治者谁是帮手,这是不容置疑的
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That line had clearly been crossed and helps explain why it was that in a country in which there weren't ten people who wanted a republic in 1789.
绝对主义和专制主义的区别已经不存在,这解释了为何在这个国家,1789年时只有不到十人想建立共和制
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That, my friends, is part of what it meant.
这一点,就是绝对主义的一个特征
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Given the very different route that Prussia, Austria, Russia, Sweden and France went with a centralization of absolute rule, why did it work out so differently for England/Britain and the Netherlands?
在选择政体时,当普鲁士,奥地利,俄国,瑞典,法国,都伴随着中央集权走上绝对主义国家的道路,为什么英国和荷兰会如此与众不同呢
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That's really the defining moment in absolute rule.
那真的是绝对主义［确立］的决定性时刻
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It all just doesn't start like that.
并非所有绝对主义的兴起都是动乱所致
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And which, in the case of England, the civil war was largely fought, to a great extent anyway, trying to prevent the English monarchy from taking on characteristics of those emerging absolute states on the continent.
其中之一是英国,［1648年的英国内战称之为 "英国资产阶级革命"］,这在很大程度上,是为了阻止英国的君主制,转变为欧洲大陆上新兴的绝对主义
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Let's characterize absolute rule.
让我们归纳一下绝对主义国家的特征
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I'm going to talk about absolute rule.
我今天要讲的内容是绝对主义
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We heard an objection that said what they did was categorically wrong, like here at the end, categorically wrong, murder is murder, it's always wrong even if it increases the overall happiness of society, a categorical objection.
其中之一是说,他们的所作所为，是绝对错误的，正如后排这位所言，绝对错误，谋杀就是谋杀，总归是错的,即便能增加社会总幸福，属于绝对主义的反对。
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So, you have these diets and you have these parliaments, but one of the characteristics of absolute rule is that you don't have to call these bodies because the king is the big person.
所以,虽然设有国会,议会,绝对主义国家的特点之一,就是君主不必召开这些代议机构,因为他一人说了算
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