Well, that problem was partly solved by saying, 'Well,if I'm giving the inoculation to one person, and that's what would happen.

这个问题一定程度上可以这样解决,如果我给一个人接种,然后就可以解决了

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

So, it's awkward to have to wait for a cow to get infected before you can vaccinate a population.

在给人们预防接种之前,你只有干等着,直到有一头奶牛感染了病毒才行

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

So, he intentionally inoculated his wife and two children with fluid that he got from one of his sick cows.

所以他给自己的妻子和两个孩子接种了,取自病牛的体液

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

He used not just his family, but he used whole populations of people.

他不仅给家人接种,也接种给全体人民

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

None of you got smallpox vaccinations, because once a country was certified to be smallpox free, there was no reason to-- there was no reason to vaccinate people any longer.

你们当中没人接种过天花疫苗,因为一旦一个国家确认不再有天花,就没有理由,就没有理由再给人们接种

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

And it would be really difficult to vaccinate a wildlife.

而给野生动物接种是非常困难的

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

How do you get the vaccine to them?

你怎么获得疫苗来给他们接种呢

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

We'll think about it in section, how you don't need to vaccinate everybody, but you just need to vaccinate a critical number in order to stop the disease from progressing through a community.

我们在讨论会上讲这个,为什么不需要给每个人都接种,但你只需要让接种人数达到一个临界值,就能阻止这个疾病在社会中传播

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

They had to give some of them the real vaccine and some of them a placebo vaccine in order that they could really tell if the vaccine worked; you have to have it placebo controlled.

研究者们还须给部分孩子接种真正的疫苗,给另外一些孩子接种空白疫苗,以分辨疫苗是否真的有效,所以你必须使用安慰剂作对照

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

So, that's what a vaccine is, and vaccination is the process of taking that vaccine that you've developed and giving it to people, either individual people or groups of people, or as we'll talk about today, people all over the world.

这就是疫苗,接种疫苗的过程就是生产疫苗,并把它分发给大众,不论是给个人还是给群体,或者就像我们今天所说的,给全世界的人民

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Because if it was a disease that was carried by both humans and squirrels, for example, then in order to get rid of it on the planet, you'd have to vaccinate not only all the people but all the squirrels, right?

因为假如人和松鼠都能携带,某种疾病的话,想要把这种疾病从地球上清除,不仅要给所有人接种疫苗,还要给所有松鼠接种疫苗

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

So, you didn't know at the beginning, you knew you were enrolled in the trial, they gave you a shot, you didn't know whether you were part of the real group that got the test vaccine or the placebo group that got the control; turned out that Bonnie was part of the control group.

一开始你可能不清楚全过程,你只知道你参与了一项试验,他们给你打了一针,你不知道你是属于接种了,试验疫苗的真实试验组,还是属于被注射了安慰剂的空白对照组,结果显示,邦妮属于对照组

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

But what if instead of taking the fluid from a cow, I inoculated--he inoculated me, let's say, and waited until I had the lesion at the right stage, then took some of my fluid and gave it to Brian and Nate and Mirtalla and spread it through the community around me.

但假如不从奶牛那儿取得脓液,假设说是从他那里接种,等到病变程度合适,然后把我的脓液给,布莱恩和纳特还有米特拉,并在我身边的人们之间传播

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选