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What I want you to remember is that specific sub-populations of cells get activated, the activation results in a specific response.
我希望你们记住的是,一些特定的细胞亚群受到刺激时,被激活细胞将引起特定的应答
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If you were searching for unique populations of cells within the bone marrow what tools would you use to look for them?
如果你要在骨髓中,找一组特定的细胞群,你用什么工具来找呢
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The cells of this cluster inside next to the fluid filled cavity is a region of the blastocyst called the inner cell mass.
而这簇细胞的内侧,毗邻于充满液体的空腔的一侧,这些细胞在囊胚中称为内群细胞
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It's this group of cells, this subset of cells from the developing embryo that become the embryo, that become the organism, become the human.
这一组细胞,这组发育胚胎中的细胞亚群,发育成胚胎,发育组织,直至发育成整个人体
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Through many decades of study, biologists have teased out certain populations of cells within the bone marrow that are capable of reproducing subsets of cells.
经过数十年的研究,生物学家们在骨髓中发现了,一些细胞群,它们能够生成细胞亚群
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It's this - its cells in this region here, this inner cell mass that that's the source of embryonic stem cells, cells from inner cell mass here.
就是这个,在这片区域的胚胎细胞,即内细胞群,而胚胎干细胞的来源所在,就是源自这里的内细胞群
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So I can use the presence of those to identify cell populations.
因此我可以利用这些蛋白的存在与否,来识别细胞群
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This inner cell mass develops into the embryo, which this here shown at a later stage is beginning to be clear that it's becoming an organism that looks like us.
内细胞群发育成为胎儿,这张图这是一个相对晚期的阶段,能越来越清晰地观察到,这团东西开始有个人形了
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Further down the line, for example, in the blastocyst I talked about before, we could obtain cells from this inner cell mass or this cluster of cells that becomes the embryo.
沿着这条线看,举个例子,就是我之前提到过的囊胚,我们可以取一些内细胞群的细胞,这种能成为胚胎的细胞群
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They also allow their populations of proteins on the surface of each cell that allow it to interact with its environment, they're receptors and cell adhesion receptors like I talked about last time.
它们同时也使得,这些细胞表面的蛋白质群,使得细胞能够和周围环境进行互动,它们是受体和细胞粘附受体,我上次也说过的
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But this antigen presenting cell is more likely a professional antigen presenting cell, or a subset of cells of your immune system that are specialized in ingesting foreign particles and displaying their contents to the rest of the immune system.
但这种抗原呈递细胞更加类似于,专职抗原呈递细胞,或者是体内免疫细胞中的一个亚群,专门从事吞噬异己物质,并告知免疫系统的其他细胞的工作
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We talked about two weeks ago, that if you had a population of cells, you could grow those population of cells and you could make, if they adapted the culture properly, you could make an infinite number of cells from one starting solution.
两周前我们讲到,如果你有一群细胞,你可以使细胞数量增长,如果培养得当,你可以,从开始的营养液中制造出无限数量的细胞
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Another subset of T-cells called T helper cells will recognize that signal by direct contact with it, and they will become activated and proliferate.
另外一个T细胞的亚群是辅助性T细胞,辅助性T细胞可识别与其接触的抗原信号,并被激活,开始增殖
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So, that's antigen presentation to this population of cells called cytotoxic T-cells, Tc, a subset of the class of T-cells in the immune system.
这些细胞被呈递给另一种细胞,这些细胞被称为细胞毒性T细胞,是免疫系统中T淋巴细胞的亚群中的一种
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