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It varies in its structure among cells of the nervous system but all synapses have some properties in common.
突触结构因神经系统细胞不同而不同,但突触都有某些共同属性
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That's one way of thinking why animal cells have cells from animals and humans have sub-cellular compartments.
这就不难想见,为什么动物细胞,包括,人类细胞有亚细胞结构区域了
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The same way cells that form the limb become more like muscle cells or skin cells, or the structures that become the limb.
同样的,形成上肢的细胞,变得越来越像肌肉或皮肤细胞,或者上肢的其他结构
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One of the reasons why human cells have compartments is because their functions are segregated into regions.
人类细胞有区隔结构的一个原因,是为了把不同生理功能隔开
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It's encased within a membrane, a cell membrane which we talked about the structure of.
都是膜包围细胞器,我们刚讲过其结构的那种膜
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It's no longer just a round spherical mass of cells, but it has some structure.
不再只是一个球状的细胞团,它有了一定的结构
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All cell membranes have these channels within them, and under their resting conditions sodium is moving from outside to inside, potassium's moving from inside to outside.
所有细胞膜上都有这种通道结构,在静息状态下,钠从细胞外流向细胞内,钾从细胞内流向细胞外
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I'm going to stop there and we'll pick up on this topic, not next week, but the week after when we start talking about cell structure.
今天就到这里,我们会继续这个话题的,不是下周,而是在我们开始,讨论细胞结构之后的那个星期
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It's this tube-like structure, which is made of many, many epithelial cells all directly adjacent to each other, is what separates the outside world from our internal bodies.
这些管状结构,也是由许许多多上皮细胞,互相连接而成的,它使体内和体外,区分开来
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For now, just picture it in this simple way as a molecule, usually a protein, that's embedded in the cell membrane and many receptors have a part of them that is extracellular.
现在,我只把这种分子图示出来,受体通常是一种蛋白质,它们镶嵌在细胞膜上,很多受体还有部分结构露在细胞外
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There's a cluster of cells here, there's a sheet of cells that forms an outer lining, and what is most noticeable is this cavity, this fluid filled cavity which begins to develop.
有一簇细胞,一层细胞构成了外形轮廓,最明显的结构就是这个空腔,这一充满液体的空腔开始发育形成
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I'll talk about what that means, encoding insulin means in a minute, but there's a gene that tells your body what insulin looks like and that gets transcribed but only in those cells that make insulin.
一会儿,我将会讨论基因编码胰岛素的意义,所有细胞都含有相同的胰岛素基因,它决定胰岛素的结构以及如何被转录,但是只有胰腺细胞才能产生胰岛素
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I'm not going to talk about them in detail but please look at that to remind yourself of those kinds of specialized sub-cellular units which are present in cells in humans but not present in bacteria.
我就不再赘述了,不过请你们看看书,回忆一下哪些特化的亚细胞结构单元,是人类细胞有,而细菌没有的
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I think most of you know something about the sort of architecture and normal structure of a cell and the components within it and the chapter, Chapter 5, has a good description of that for those of you want a refresher.
我想大部分同学都知道一些细胞的,结构组成和构成成分,想回顾一下的同学,可以看下第五章,描述的很详细
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So my goal today is to talk about sort of the basics of the molecules, their chemistry, the function of DNA in cells, sort of basic - the basic side of that.
所以我今天的任务是告诉你们,DNA分子的各种基团,它们的化学结构,细胞内DNA分子的功能
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There might be these, what are called epigenetic differences that I mentioned changes in the structure around DNA, and those changes lead to differences in which fraction of the total genes in the chromosomes are being expressed by a particular cell.
可能存在的差异,叫做表观遗传差异,我之前说过的DNA结构上的变化,而这些变化导致,在特定细胞中,染色体组的全部基因中,只有一部分表达出来
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That RNA is made into proteins, and proteins are the working molecules of the cell, they're enzymes, they're structural molecules, they're are proteins that exist in the membrane that allow things to go in and out of the cell, so really the working molecules are the cell in every sense.
这些RNA指导合成蛋白质,蛋白质是细胞生命活动的承担者,它们可以是酶,或是结构性分子,也可以存在于细胞膜上的膜蛋白,能够让一些物质通过它们进出于细胞,所以蛋白质才是真正意义上,细胞生命活动的承担者
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