So, now you have a single molecule, very large molecule, with not just two binding sites but with ten binding sites.

所以如果你体内有一个细胞,一个体积很大的细胞,细胞表面不只有两个抗原结合位点,而有十个抗原结合位点

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Sometimes receptors, when they interact with ligands, create changes in what proteins are actually being produced by the cell.

有时受体与配体结合后,带来的变化实际是,决定细胞开始合成何种蛋白质

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Most cells in your body have insulin receptors so insulin is starting to bind to insulin receptors on those cells.

体内大多数细胞中都有胰岛素受体,胰岛素就开始与细胞上的胰岛素受体结合

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Many steroid hormones act because they bind to cellulars - to receptors that are deep within the cell, often inside the nucleus.

许多类固醇激素能够起效是因为,其与存在于细胞内部的受体相结合,这类受体通常在细胞核内

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When estrogen is present it can enter cells in the vicinity and it can bind to receptors that are deep inside cells.

雌激素能够进入到邻近的细胞中,并能够与细胞内部的受体相结合

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Fertilization of these two where these two cells join occurs in the distal part of the fallopian tube.

受精的过程,就是这两种细胞,在输卵管壶腹部相互结合

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Because bacteria are outside of cells and when antibodies bind to them they can neutralize them.

因为细菌生存在细胞外,抗体结合细菌并中和掉它们

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Those receptors, some fraction of them, are specific for the ligand that the pre-synaptic cell releases.

这些受体 其中一部分,特异性地结合突触前细胞释放的配体

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Here, there are receptors on one cell and the ligand that they experience is not a dissolved molecule, but actually a molecule that's attached to another cell.

这个细胞上有许多受体,与之结合的配体并非是可溶性分子,而是一个附着在其他细胞上的分子

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Now, one of the advantages of having second messengers is this is one way that you can integrate between different receptor systems that are acting inside a cell.

使用第二信使分子的好处在于,它能够将,作用于细胞内部不同的,受体系统结合起来

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So, it doesn't need to bind to a receptor on the surface of the cell in order to work because the molecule can actually enter the cell directly.

所以无需与细胞表面受体相结合来起效,因为这些分子能直接进入细胞

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So, these are receptors, for example, that bind the ligand and then liberate an enzyme which promotes some sort of reaction inside the cell, often it's kinases but doesn't have to be.

例如,这里是受体,与配体相结合,激活一种酶,这种酶能够催化细胞内的某些反应,这些酶通常都是激酶,但不全是

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The result of fertilization now is a new cell that is the union of the sperm and the egg, and it's called the zygote and it contains the diploid number of chromosomes, genes.

受精就是产生,一个精卵结合的新细胞,称为受精卵,它含有二倍体的染色体基因

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In this case, a receptor tyrosine kinase is a receptor molecule that binds a ligand at its surface outside the cell and initiates this enzyme activity - this kinase activity - and causes phosphorylation of another molecule.

在这个例子中,酪氨酸激酶受体可以,在细胞表面区域与配体结合,从而激发出,激酶的活性,使其能够磷酸化另一类分子

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When the ligand is present it binds to the receptor outside the cell and it activates this G-protein.

当配体存在并与细胞表面的受体结合时,就会激活G蛋白

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For example, HIV enters cells of the immune system by binding to a receptor called CD4.

比如,HIV通过与CD4的受体结合,进入到免疫系统细胞中

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One of the other things that MHC1 does, in addition to marking yourselves as your own, is that it's capable of making combinations with all the different molecules that are present inside the cell and expressing them on the surface, and sort of showing them to the outside world.

HC1的另一项功能,除了给你标记一个独一无二的标签以外,MHC可以和细胞内所有不同的,分子结合 使其能够呈现在细胞表面,使其暴露于外界

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