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In fact, of all the systems of cellular differentiation that are known in our bodies, probably hematopoiesis is the best known.
事实上,我们体内已知的,所有由细胞分化成的系统中,造血系统也许是最为人所熟知的
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It varies in its structure among cells of the nervous system but all synapses have some properties in common.
突触结构因神经系统细胞不同而不同,但突触都有某些共同属性
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This is a way for the immune system to recognize things that are going wrong inside the cell protected from antibodies.
这是免疫系统识别,抗体不能识别的细胞内病变的方法
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So, you have both the diversity in the physical connections, any one cell is potentially contacting lots of other cells.
所以 神经系统既有多样性的物理连接,即每个细胞都可能与其他许多细胞连接
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Now, what this enables these cells to do is to communicate with very specific other regions of the nervous system.
现在,细胞就能够,同神经系统其他特定区域进行通讯
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Then we're going to talk about two physiological systems just briefly, where cell communication sort of dominates the behavior of the organ.
然后我将简要地讲到两个生理系统,主要是讲细胞通讯控制器官活动的方式
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It's a biological system that you've engineered from taking cells from one organism and cloning them and developing a whole other organism.
所谓生物系统的工程化,就是从一种生物体内中取出细胞并克隆,将它们培养成为另一个有机整体
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So, they don't start killing all the cells in your respiratory system; they only kill the cells that are harboring the virus.
所以它们不会杀死所有呼吸系统内的细胞,只杀死那些被病毒感染的细胞
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The synapse is just this anatomical region of contact between two adjacent cells in the nervous system.
突触是解剖学上,神经系统相邻两细胞的连接区域
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If you get a flu that affects your intestinal system then those viruses are infecting gut cells.
而影响肠道系统的流感病毒,就可以感染肠道细胞
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That's a big problem and so can you protect these cells that you give to the recipient from attack by the recipient's immune system?
并且至关重要,那么你们想办法保护这些植入受体的细胞,使它们免受免疫系统的排异反应么
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They're small molecules that - whose principal function in the body is to carry signals from one cell in the nervous system to another.
它们都是小分子,在体内主要功能是在,神经系统内将信号,从一个细胞传导到另一个细胞
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Other cells in the immune system recognizing that this is a foreign molecule, but is being presented in the context of a 'self' cell.
免疫系统中的其他一些细胞,识别到它是非己物质,但它已经被识别为己方细胞
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Part of the complexity of the nervous system is the complexity of this interconnection of cells.
神经系统的复杂性部分地,体现在神经细胞间相互连接的复杂性
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If you look throughout the nervous system you would find cells that look different in different regions, because of where they're situated in the brain.
如果你仔细检视神经系统,你会发现不同部位的神经细胞,看起来不一样,这取决于它们在大脑中所处的位置
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This is a really interesting system because it also solves a problem for the cell.
这真的是一个有意思的系统,因为它也解决了细胞面对的难题
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Then, your muscle cells would start producing Hepatitis B surface antigen and your immune system recognizing that's a foreign protein would start responding to it.
于是,肌肉细胞将会,开始制造乙肝表面抗原,然后免疫系统就会识别出,那是外来蛋白质并且产生免疫应答
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Because it infects your cells and reproduces, your immune system responds much more vigorously.
由于它会感染你的细胞并且繁殖,所以你的免疫系统会有很强烈的反应
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So, what that really means, you know, from last week's lecture, is that the vaccine stimulates these particular cells in your immune system to give you immunity.
所以,这就意味着,通过上周的课程,你们知道,疫苗通过刺激免疫系统中的,特定细胞来使人获得免疫力
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If you think about receptor ligand system as an input into the cell.
如果将受体-配体系统看作,细胞的一种输入机制的话
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Now, one of the advantages of having second messengers is this is one way that you can integrate between different receptor systems that are acting inside a cell.
使用第二信使分子的好处在于,它能够将,作用于细胞内部不同的,受体系统结合起来
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Some form what are called megakaryocytes which become platelets, which are responsible for clotting, for forming a barrier if your circulatory system gets injured so you don't bleed.
还有一些类型的细胞称为巨核细胞,生成有凝血作用的血小板,在你的循环系统受损时形成止血屏障
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It was the first place where the concept of stem cells was developed, in that if one looks carefully one can find immature cells in the bone marrow.
这是干细胞概念的发祥地,如果仔细观察造血系统,就能找到骨髓中的未成熟细胞
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They might be capable of forming all of the cells of the nervous system; they might still have some potency to form other things that are similar to the nervous system.
它们也许可以生成,所有神经系统的细胞,也许还有一些生成和神经系统类似的,其他东西的潜能
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It's the way, for example, that foreign molecules or antigens get presented to cells of your immune system in order to start the process of making an immune response, so sometimes a cell/cell interaction.
通过这种方式,外源分子,或者说抗原,进入到免疫系统的细胞中后,就会开启免疫反应过程,有时候就是细胞之间的相互作用
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Sometimes second messengers collect signals from a variety of different receptor systems, translate them into one kind of internal change, and the cell then just has to know about that one thing changing.
第二信使分子能够收集,来自不同受体系统的信号,将它们转化为同一种细胞内在的变化,这样细胞就只需对一种变化作出反应
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So one way that neurons, in particular, are able to communicate with other cells in the nervous system, share information, integrate information, decide what to do next is that they are physically connected to other different cells.
所以神经细胞之所以能够,与神经系统中其他细胞通讯,分享信息,整合信息,从而决定下一步该做什么,是由于不同细胞间,是彼此连接在一起的
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But this antigen presenting cell is more likely a professional antigen presenting cell, or a subset of cells of your immune system that are specialized in ingesting foreign particles and displaying their contents to the rest of the immune system.
但这种抗原呈递细胞更加类似于,专职抗原呈递细胞,或者是体内免疫细胞中的一个亚群,专门从事吞噬异己物质,并告知免疫系统的其他细胞的工作
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We're going to talk about those in more detail in a couple of weeks when we talk about the immune system because these are the cells that perform and regulate the functions of our immune system that protect us from disease.
在后几周的有关免疫的课程上,我们会详细说明的,因为我们免疫系统的功能,要依靠这些细胞去完成和调节,它们使我们免受疾病侵害
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The same thing with these cells here, as these cells undergo continual divisions, they're changing in ways that make them mature, that make them more like the mature cells of the nervous system, for example, if that's where they end up being but they're losing potential as they go through that differentiation process.
细胞也是这样,在连续分裂的过程中,它们愈发成熟,比如说,变得越来越像,神经系统细胞,如果它们最终将构成神经系统的话,那它们在分化的过程中,就失去了许多潜能
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