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In fact, of all the systems of cellular differentiation that are known in our bodies, probably hematopoiesis is the best known.
事实上,我们体内已知的,所有由细胞分化成的系统中,造血系统也许是最为人所熟知的
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A capability for asymmetric division and the production of cells that become differentiating more mature cells, those are properties of stem cells.
能够完成不对称分裂,以及产生细胞,并分化成为一些更成熟的细胞,这些是干细胞的性质
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Embryonic stem cells can give rise to every cell type in the body.
能分化出人体中,各种类型的细胞。
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Some of those differences in cells are obvious if you look at the cells in an adult organism.
你留心观察某个成年的生物,就会发现某些细胞分化极其明显
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Pluripotent stem cells that are capable of self-renewal to generate themselves and are capable of dividing into both bioloid and lymphoid progenitor cells.
多能干细胞,是能够通过自我更新进行自我生成的细胞,也能分化成髓系祖细胞,或者淋巴祖细胞
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The cells of this surrounding sheet have become different in some way and they develop into the placenta and the extra embryonic tissues.
环抱在周围的这一层细胞,已经开始逐渐分化,最终成为胎盘,及额外的胚胎组织
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One example of a very different cell is a red cell or red blood cell, these are the cells that give blood it's red color.
举个高度分化细胞的例子,红细胞,或称血红细胞,它们赋予了血液鲜红的色彩
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They're not quite as potent as the cells from earlier because they've now differentiated somewhat.
它们不如早些的细胞有那样多的潜能,因为它们已经分化到一定程度了
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As division happens and the developing organism acquires more and more cells, individual cells become differentiated, they become more and more like their final mature form.
分裂过程不断发生,以及发育中的有机体对更多细胞的需求,细胞个体便逐渐分化,它们越来越接近成熟细胞的样子
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Cells move from a state of limited differentiation to a state of more differentiation.
细胞从一个有限的分化状态,进入一个更深层次的分化状态
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It happens through a very regulated, coordinated slow process of what is called differentiation.
这是通过一种严格协调调控的过程完成的,这个过程我们称为细胞分化
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In that process, cells become different in ways that appear to be highly organized.
这个过程中,细胞通过某种高度有序的方式进行分化
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The general word for that process of making differences between cells is differentiation.
一言以蔽之,细胞之间产生差异的过程称为分化
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How we could take cells that are differentiated to some extent and make them de-differentiate, to go back in the process of differentiation so that they gain more potential.
我们如何把一些已经分化到,一定程度的细胞去分化,使其回到分化之前,重新获得更多的潜能
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The zygote or this fertilized egg is a completely undifferentiated cell.
受精卵,或者说已受精的卵子,是一个完全未分化的细胞
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It goes - going through this process of amplifying divisions, every division increasing the number of cells by a factor of two and these cells becoming more differentiated around the way.
它经历了一系列扩增性的分裂过程,每次分化,细胞数目都翻一番,而在此过程中细胞分化得更成熟
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Many of the cell types are missing.
许多其它类型的细胞也难以分化出来。
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So far our ability to de-differentiate cells or find out how to do that is limited.
迄今为止,我们令细胞去分化的能力,和技术方法还相当有限
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That's just an example of a cell that in its very mature or differentiated form is quite different from other cells inside the body.
以上就是一个,分化成熟的细胞,区别于体内其它细胞的范例
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These are cells that recognize a particular antigen, they're ready to differentiate into antibody.
这些记忆细胞可识别相应的抗原,它们已经准备好分化产生抗体
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When they become more like the liver, they differentiate into liver cells.
当细胞变得越来越像肝细胞的时候,我们就称其为分化成了肝细胞
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Now, you'll hear reports in the literature, you'll look in the newspaper, you'll hear about scientists that have found ways to trans-differentiate cells, that is move them from one pathway to the other.
如今,你通过听文献讲座,看报纸,会听说科学家们已经发现了,转分化细胞的方法,即把这些细胞从一种分化途径转到另一种
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That process of maturation is called differentiation.
这种细胞成熟的过程称为分化
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It's harder to find, they're more limited numbers, and in general, more difficult until eventually down this pathway you have fully differentiated cells, cells that are fully mature and performing the function of the mature organ.
不过找起来更困难,因为它们数量稀少而且通常很难定位,在分化的终末阶段,你可以看到完全分化的细胞,这些细胞完全成熟,在成熟的器官中发挥功能
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Well, it would be useful because if I could take cells from the skin, find stem cells in the skin and then de-differentiate them so that they were now capable of becoming liver, or brain, or things that they're not going to become in their normal site, then that could be a very powerful tool for medicine.
这是因为,如果我能取一些皮肤细胞,找一些皮肤干细胞,并将它们去分化,那它们就能分化成肝脏,大脑或其他一些,它们原本分化不出来的细胞,这可以成为一个医学利器
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They both proliferate, increase in number, and they differentiate; they differentiate from immature B-cells into antibody producing cells.
淋巴细胞将迅速增殖,数量大幅提高,同时发生分化,幼B淋巴细胞分化,形成能够分泌抗体的细胞
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Those B-cells also mature, they differentiate and that's what's shown on this slide here is the differentiation of those immature B-cells into mature B-cells.
这些B细胞也会变成熟,并且进行分化,这都展示在幻灯片上了,未成熟的B细胞分化为成熟的B细胞
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So not all of the B-cells that are stimulated become plasma cells or antibody secreting cells.
所以,并不是所有的B淋巴细胞,被刺激分化成为,浆细胞或是抗体分泌细胞
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That's shown here, a B-cell gets stimulated, matures into an antibody producing factory.
这里展示的是,当一个B细胞被激活,分化成熟为一个生成抗体的工厂
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So, either stimulates the production of-- and differentiation of B-cells, to produce a specific antibody that can neutralize the virus, or stimulates the production of cytotoxic T-cells that can kill infected cells within your body.
所以,疫苗的刺激要么能够,促进B淋巴细胞产生和分化,以生成特定的抗体来杀灭病毒,要么刺激T细胞释放细胞毒素,杀死身体里被感染的细胞
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