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And then when we got to more of a cellular level, that we could actually understand how our body worked as low of a level as thinking about cells.
肺怎么工作，我们到了细胞的层面上研究问题,从细胞的角度理解给我们身体,怎么工作就更加有趣了。
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Now, you know, because we talked about cell culture already, that a great--that we talked about last week, manufacturing of cells.
你知道,因为我们已经讲过细胞培养,我们上周讲过的,细胞的大规模制造
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This means the cells that are red here have all the information to form the major cell types of the inner ear.
这就是说，用红色标示的细胞具有构成,内耳主体细胞类型的全部信息。
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So instead of carrying oxygen to your cells, you're carrying cyanide to your cells.
因此，运到你的细胞的不是氧，而是氰化物。
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That's something that will come up in the lecture tomorrow, so remember that concept and that revision of this sort of classical picture.
这也是我们明天的课堂内容,所以你们脑海中得有这个概念,包括这个经典的细胞流程的修订版
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The cells of this cluster inside next to the fluid filled cavity is a region of the blastocyst called the inner cell mass.
而这簇细胞的内侧,毗邻于充满液体的空腔的一侧,这些细胞在囊胚中称为内群细胞
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An example of that is, of course, insulin which is produced by cells of the pancreas and acts on cells all over the body.
这种信号传递的例子,就是胰脏细胞产生的胰岛素,作用于全身各处的细胞
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The result is a cell that's very similar but it is - very similar to the progenitor cell but it's exactly the stem cell.
另一个结果就是产生一个,很像祖细胞的细胞,但却是如假包换的干细胞
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Then maybe those new cells you put in would function as a totally natural artificial pancreas.
那些新植入的细胞可能会起到,与健康个体的胰腺细胞相同的作用
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That's just an example of a cell that in its very mature or differentiated form is quite different from other cells inside the body.
以上就是一个,分化成熟的细胞,区别于体内其它细胞的范例
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It's a switch that from outside can be used to change the life of a cell.
这种来自外源的变化能够改变细胞的状态
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And what they do is they regulate the influx of ions across that cell.
它们的作用,是调节离子流入细胞的流量。
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When we measure EKG's, what we're measuring is the activity of all these cells within our heart performing action potentials.
当我们做心电图的时候,我们所测量的是心脏内能发出,动作电位的细胞的活动状态
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They're everywhere in cells throughout your body and they are responsible for lots of the biochemistry of cell/cell interaction and signaling.
它们在身体各处的细胞中都有,并负责很多细胞间的相互作用,及信号转导的生化过程
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What's the difference between this cell which I call a committed progenitor cell and its offspring, and the offspring of that offspring.
我所称的定向祖细胞,和它的子细胞之间,还有它子细胞的子细胞之间有什么区别呢
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So, they don't start killing all the cells in your respiratory system; they only kill the cells that are harboring the virus.
所以它们不会杀死所有呼吸系统内的细胞,只杀死那些被病毒感染的细胞
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We have other ways of protecting; many of our cells are inside our body protected by specialized cells of our skeletal system.
人类有其它的保护机制,我们体内的细胞受,特化的骨骼细胞保护
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When estrogen is present it can enter cells in the vicinity and it can bind to receptors that are deep inside cells.
雌激素能够进入到邻近的细胞中,并能够与细胞内部的受体相结合
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What holds us together so that when I leave the room most of my cells go with me?
是什么让我们身体的细胞凝聚在一起,让我的绝大部分细胞能与我一同走出教室
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It separates those duplicated chromosomes to two sides of the cell, physically separates them, and the cell itself pinches off to form two new cells.
双倍化的染色体,被分别拉向细胞的两边,物理性的分离了,细胞本身中央凹陷形成两个新细胞
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It sends it's signal, it's signal - the signal that it sends is this change in voltage, and once it changes, maybe it's all done.
它发出信号,它通过电压的改变发出信号,然而一旦电压改变,细胞的使命到此就终结了
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The kinds of proteins that sit on a cell surface and form adhesion junctions with neighboring cells, that's one class of cells on the surface.
这些蛋白位于细胞表面,和相邻的细胞建立粘附链接,这是细胞的一个种类
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One example of a very different cell is a red cell or red blood cell, these are the cells that give blood it's red color.
举个高度分化细胞的例子,红细胞,或称血红细胞,它们赋予了血液鲜红的色彩
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One of the main things that we use cell culture or maintenance of cells outside the body for is to make more copies of cells.
我们培养细胞,或者体外维持细胞的重要步骤,就是复制更多的细胞
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A human cell shown here on the opposite side has these formed organelles that I talked about a minute ago, mitochondria, Golgi, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus.
另一边展示的是人类细胞,它带有我一分钟前讲过的成形的细胞器,线粒体,高尔基体,内质网,细胞核
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As division happens and the developing organism acquires more and more cells, individual cells become differentiated, they become more and more like their final mature form.
分裂过程不断发生,以及发育中的有机体对更多细胞的需求,细胞个体便逐渐分化,它们越来越接近成熟细胞的样子
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During development of the embryo it goes from being a single cell, the fertilized egg, to being a multi-cellular organism with billions of cells in it.
胚胎的发育,始于一个单一细胞,即受精卵,直到形成一个以十亿计数量的细胞构成的,多细胞有机体
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By cell/cell contact, I mean that there's a receptor in one cell that makes some kind of a chemical interaction with a receptor in another cell.
通过细胞之间的接触,我的意思是在一种细胞上的受体,能与另一细胞上的受体发生某种化学反应
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It does that through a complex set of sort of cellular interactions, and it turns out also gene rearrangements if you go further to study that.
而这此过程中,发生了一系列复杂的细胞间的相互作用,也会涉及到基因重排,如果你们深入学习的话就会学到
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This is, maybe, the strangest because the ligand that stimulates the receptor is produced by the cell itself; so sometimes cells make signals that they receive.
它可能是最奇特的,因为激活受体的配体,是由细胞自身产生的,有时细胞产生让自己接受的信号
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