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For example, if I isolated this one called the myeloid cell, it's capable of forming red blood cells, megakaryocytes and neutrophils.
比如,如果我分离出一个髓系细胞,它就能生成红细胞,巨核细胞和嗜中性粒细胞
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Maybe they could make skin, maybe they could make other kinds of cells if you treated them the right way.
也许它们能生成皮肤,或者其他种类的细胞,只要你的操作恰当
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So we strategized and we thought s a way of just generating these PAX2 expressing cells.
于是我们想,是不是有一种只生成，maybe，there’,这种PAX2表达细胞的方法。
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Pluripotent stem cells that are capable of self-renewal to generate themselves and are capable of dividing into both bioloid and lymphoid progenitor cells.
多能干细胞,是能够通过自我更新进行自我生成的细胞,也能分化成髓系祖细胞,或者淋巴祖细胞
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This pluripotent stem cell is able to self-renew and it's able - generating committed progenitors of either the myeloid or the lymphoid lineage.
这种多能干细胞能自我更新,也可以生成定向祖细胞,可以是髓系祖细胞或者淋巴祖细胞
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One of the purposes of cell culture is to make many, many more cells under controlled conditions where I can understand what those cells are.
细胞培养的一个目的就是,在可控的环境下生成许许多多的细胞,从而让我能够研究这些细胞
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It's capable of forming all these different cells but it's not capable of forming lymphocytes.
它能生成以上所有不同的细胞,但不能生成淋巴细胞
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Basically, you're introducing this gene into cells that when you give the right inactive drug that will cause the cell to make chemicals that kill it.
概括来说,当你把这个自杀基因导入,含有特定未激活药物的细胞时,二者作用就使细胞生成了,可以杀死自己的化合物
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Some form what are called megakaryocytes which become platelets, which are responsible for clotting, for forming a barrier if your circulatory system gets injured so you don't bleed.
还有一些类型的细胞称为巨核细胞,生成有凝血作用的血小板,在你的循环系统受损时形成止血屏障
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How do cells in your brain know which proteins they ought to be making, and how do cells in the pancreas know which proteins they ought to be making?
你的脑细胞怎么知道,该生成哪些蛋白质呢,而你的胰腺细胞又是怎么知道,不该生成哪些蛋白质呢
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So it stimulates these myeloid cells to develop along this pathway.
它就是在髓细胞的发育过程中,发挥刺激生成作用的
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They might be capable of forming all of the cells of the nervous system; they might still have some potency to form other things that are similar to the nervous system.
它们也许可以生成,所有神经系统的细胞,也许还有一些生成和神经系统类似的,其他东西的潜能
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Usually the cellular means that they get rid of is that instead of an antibody being produced, you activate a population of cells that will specifically go and hunt down the foreign antigen, or more commonly, cells that contain the foreign antigen.
通常细胞免疫意味着,不用生成抗体就能清除抗原,你激活了一个细胞类群,这一类群能够,并杀伤外源抗原,或者更常见的是,杀伤含有外源抗原的细胞
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In terms of function they're very important because this stem cell which is produced goes back into the population of stem cells and is able to repeat this process to form new committed progenitor cells and to form new stem cells.
但就功能而言这些干细胞则至关重要,因为这类分裂产生的子细胞,依然是干细胞,可以再次重复上述步骤,生成新的定向祖细胞,和新的干细胞
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Erythropoietin, commonly called Epo and its function is to treat anemia because it stimulates blood cell production.
促红细胞素生成素,通常简称为EPO,它的作用是刺激红细胞生成,从而能够治疗贫血
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Another stem cell called the lymphoid stem cell is capable of forming the B and T lymphocytes.
另一种干细胞称为淋巴干细胞,能够生成B细胞或者T细胞
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Through many decades of study, biologists have teased out certain populations of cells within the bone marrow that are capable of reproducing subsets of cells.
经过数十年的研究,生物学家们在骨髓中发现了,一些细胞群,它们能够生成细胞亚群
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It's a protein that's produced by other cells in the body and when it's enriched in a certain area it stimulates more production of red blood cells.
这种蛋白由体内的另一种细胞生成,而当其在某处富集时,就会刺激红细胞生成
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Only cells of your pancreas make insulin, for example.
举例来说,只有胰腺细胞生成胰岛素
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There are cells within your body that are always in the process of division and forming new cells, and sometimes this is for a tissue where cells only have a finite lifetime.
你体内的一些细胞,始终在不断分裂,并生成新的细胞,很多时候,是在一些细胞寿命有限的组织中
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These junctions, these red dots here are actually made up of proteins, some are synthesized by one cell, some are synthesized by each other, and they lock together to form a very tight barrier, to form a tight junction between the two cells.
这些红点表示细胞连接,实际上是由蛋白质构成的,有些是由一个细胞单独生成的,有些是由两个细胞共同生成,使这两个细胞紧锁在一起形成紧密的屏障,并在两细胞间形成紧密连接
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The other way that they define - or find stem cells is that over the years of studying them we've begun to recognize some of the proteins, the specific proteins that are produced by these characteristic cells.
而另外一种能让研究人员定位,或者找到干细胞的方法就是,多年研究后,我们开始能识别一些蛋白,这些特定的蛋白是由,这种特殊的细胞生成的
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And your cells making transfer RNA, if they make a transfer RNA molecule that has here, they only put leucine at the other end.
你的细胞在生成tRNA的过程中,如果生成的tRNA序列是GAG,那它的另一端携带的就只能是亮氨酸
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That's shown here, a B-cell gets stimulated, matures into an antibody producing factory.
这里展示的是,当一个B细胞被激活,分化成熟为一个生成抗体的工厂
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Now, these Th-cells, helper T-cells, go on to stimulate B-cells, and it's these B-cells that become the mature antibody producing cells that make quantities of antibody that fill up in your body.
这些辅助性T细胞,进一步刺激B淋巴细胞,从而使这些B淋巴细胞,逐渐发育成成熟的抗体生成细胞,可在体内产生大量抗体
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So, either stimulates the production of-- and differentiation of B-cells, to produce a specific antibody that can neutralize the virus, or stimulates the production of cytotoxic T-cells that can kill infected cells within your body.
所以,疫苗的刺激要么能够,促进B淋巴细胞产生和分化,以生成特定的抗体来杀灭病毒,要么刺激T细胞释放细胞毒素,杀死身体里被感染的细胞
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