Or it could be not having to do with the cells themselves but maybe the environment that the cell finds itself in.

这种不同也可能和细胞本身无关,而和细胞所处的环境的变化有关

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

In fact, fibroblasts, which I talked about before, are very good producers of collagen, they produce the collagen matrix within which they live.

实际上,我刚讲过的,成纤维细胞,尤善于此,它们制造了自己生活环境中的,胶原蛋白基质

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

It could be those differences that they experience in their extracellular environment that lead to their choice to either self-renew or to become committed.

有可能就是由于,这种细胞外环境的不同,最终导致它们自我更新,或者成为定向的祖细胞

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

One of the purposes of cell culture is to make many, many more cells under controlled conditions where I can understand what those cells are.

细胞培养的一个目的就是,在可控的环境下生成许许多多的细胞,从而让我能够研究这些细胞

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

It indicates how information flows in cells and indicates a lot about the work that a cell does in maintaining and recreating itself, and maintaining its environment.

这个图展示了信息如何在细胞内传递,以及细胞,在维持 复制自身,和维持其周围环境所需起的作用

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

One of the things that estrogen does when cells are exposed to estrogen is that certain genes get turned on that weren't turned on in the estrogen-free state.

雌激素的功能是,当细胞所处环境中有雌激素时,一些在雌激素不存在的条件下,无法表达基因就能够表达

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Then this cell is going to experience something different from this cell.

这个细胞,和另外一个细胞经历的环境不同

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Yeast cells were grown in large numbers with this plasmid inside, they expressed the plasmid and so you made Hepatitis B surface antigen not in people but in cell culture where it was not normally formed.

体内携带这种质粒的酵母细胞大量增殖,它们表达质粒,因此,乙型肝炎表面抗原不是在人体内,而是在细胞培养环境下,以非正常方式形成的

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

They also allow their populations of proteins on the surface of each cell that allow it to interact with its environment, they're receptors and cell adhesion receptors like I talked about last time.

它们同时也使得,这些细胞表面的蛋白质群,使得细胞能够和周围环境进行互动,它们是受体和细胞粘附受体,我上次也说过的

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

So being a micro-organism that got a plasmid that give you resistance to an antibiotic would be a good thing - that gave you resistance to something that naturally killed cells like you in your environment would be a good thing.

假如一个微生物,因含有质粒而具有抗生素抗性,这实在是一桩美事--,在同样的环境下,普通细胞会被杀死,而你们这些具有抗性的细胞却安然无恙,这实在太棒了

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选