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One is that cells form tissues that are mechanically intact, they have mechanical integrity because they can adhere to one another.
一是具有机械完整性的组织是由细胞构成,组织之所以具有机械完整性,是因为细胞能够互相黏附在一起
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This means the cells that are red here have all the information to form the major cell types of the inner ear.
这就是说，用红色标示的细胞具有构成,内耳主体细胞类型的全部信息。
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The innate immune system composed of neutrophils and macrophages; these are cells that are crawling around your body all the time ready to eat bacteria.
它由嗜中性粒细胞和巨噬细胞构成,这些细胞不断在周身蠕行,准备吞噬细菌
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During development of the embryo it goes from being a single cell, the fertilized egg, to being a multi-cellular organism with billions of cells in it.
胚胎的发育,始于一个单一细胞,即受精卵,直到形成一个以十亿计数量的细胞构成的,多细胞有机体
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One, at the first level, what are the cells that make up that tissue?
其一,在第一个层次上,构成那个组织的是哪些细胞呢
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We talked about last time that part of the process of going from this single cell to multi cellular many celled organisms like we are is cell division.
我们上节课说过,从一个单细胞分裂形成大量细胞,构成的器官的过程,叫做细胞分裂
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The cell divides, and divides, and divides many, many times and that's one of the signature events of embryogenesis until we have many, many cells that make up our bodies.
细胞不断分裂,持续进行,那是胚胎发育中,一个标志性的过程,在那之后,我们就有了许许多多构成我们身体的细胞
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There's a cluster of cells here, there's a sheet of cells that forms an outer lining, and what is most noticeable is this cavity, this fluid filled cavity which begins to develop.
有一簇细胞,一层细胞构成了外形轮廓,最明显的结构就是这个空腔,这一充满液体的空腔开始发育形成
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Each of us has something like 10^14 cells.
我们每个人都由约100万亿个细胞构成
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This tube, this hollow tube, which food passes through is made up of many, many epithelial cells which directly abut one another and would be a flat sheet except that it's rolled up into a tube.
这个管道,这个中空的管道,食物可以穿行其中,而它就是由许多许多上皮细胞构成的,上皮细胞一个连着一个,形成了一个平坦的细胞层,但实际上它们还在肠管中卷成管状
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How do those differences between cells contribute to the properties of the tissues, which contribute to the properties of the organs, which contribute to the properties of a person and this maintenance of homeostasis?
这些差异化的细胞,是如何构成具有不同属性的组织,这些组织又构成具有不同属性的器官,器官又构成了不同的人,它们是如何维护内稳态呢
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Because the cells are the fundamental component of our bodies; very interesting because all of our cells in our body share many characteristics and some of those characteristics are shown on this picture.
因为细胞是我们身体的基本构成单位,这非常有意思,因为我们身体里所有细胞,有许多共同的特征,而其中的一些特征展示在了这幅图中
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The other one is a committed progenitor cell that now somehow has been changed in such a way that it's going to mature and develop into non-stem cells or the cells that make up our bodies, somatic cells.
而另一个子细胞就通过某种变化,成了定向的祖细胞,并将成熟和发育为非干细胞的细胞,就是构成我们身体的细胞,体细胞
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These junctions, these red dots here are actually made up of proteins, some are synthesized by one cell, some are synthesized by each other, and they lock together to form a very tight barrier, to form a tight junction between the two cells.
这些红点表示细胞连接,实际上是由蛋白质构成的,有些是由一个细胞单独生成的,有些是由两个细胞共同生成,使这两个细胞紧锁在一起形成紧密的屏障,并在两细胞间形成紧密连接
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I think most of you know something about the sort of architecture and normal structure of a cell and the components within it and the chapter, Chapter 5, has a good description of that for those of you want a refresher.
我想大部分同学都知道一些细胞的,结构组成和构成成分,想回顾一下的同学,可以看下第五章,描述的很详细
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The same thing with these cells here, as these cells undergo continual divisions, they're changing in ways that make them mature, that make them more like the mature cells of the nervous system, for example, if that's where they end up being but they're losing potential as they go through that differentiation process.
细胞也是这样,在连续分裂的过程中,它们愈发成熟,比如说,变得越来越像,神经系统细胞,如果它们最终将构成神经系统的话,那它们在分化的过程中,就失去了许多潜能
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